Pfizer company Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pfizer company Analysis Essay Introduction Pfizer is a pharmaceutical company that is here to help us have a better health. It was founded in (1849) by two cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart. It was made to discover and developing new ways to prevent and treat disease and also to improve health in the world. The company focuses on meeting the world help needs. Pfizer specializes in many medicines. They have medicines to help all health needs in the world. Throughout this report, I will be discussing all different kinds of medicines this company prescribes, the health and wellness of this company, the leadership and structure and many more important key points about Pfizer. I will also discuss the time line of this company on when events took place. Exploring the History of Pfizer Two cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart from Germany open a small company with some money that was borrowed from Charles Pfizer father in (1849). Their first company was open in Brooklyn, New York in a section of Williamsburg. This small red brick building serves as everything, the office, warehouse, laboratory and the factory. Charles Pfizer was a chemist and Erhart was a confectioner and together they made their first product which was a palatable form of santonin. This product was an antiparasitic used to treat intestinal worms. The santonin was blend with almond-toffee flavoring and shape into a candy cone. It was a wonderful success and the company launch. (Pfizer 2009) In 1862, Pfizer launched its first domestic production of tartaric acid and cream of tartar. â€Å"Tartaric acid was used as a laxative and a skin coolant during the Civil War. The cream of tartar was a diuretic and a cleaning agent and also a vital drug to help meet the needs of the Union Army. Among these are iodine, morpahine, cholorform, camphor, and maercurials which are also used in the emerging field of photography.† (Pfizer 2009) By the (1968), the company doubles its side. It have increase it product line and also add 150 new employees. With the company growth, they buy a new building in Manhattan and moves it headquarters there. In (1880), the company started imported concentrates of lemon and lime which Pfizer begins manufacturing citric acid. They became the top producer of citric acid. Once the new drinks gain popularity; like Coca-Cola, Dr. Pepper and Pepsi-Cola, the demand for citric acid climbs the charts.  (Pfizer 2009) As the company double over the year, Pfizer opens an offices and warehouse in Chicago, Illinois, the first location outside the city limit of New York in (1882). On December 27, 1891, Charles Erhart dies and leaves a partnership worth over $250,000 to his son William. But in an agreement among Pfizer and Erhart, Pfizer could buy Erhart’s share at half inventory value. Pfizer became consolidating ownership of the company. (Pfizer 2009) â€Å"Pfizer files an official certificate of incorporation in the state of New Jersey, with authorized capital of $2 million divided into 20,000 shares of $100 each. Pfizer would remain a privately held company until June 22, 1942, when 240, 000 shares of new common stock were offered to the public. Charles Pfizer appointed his youngest son President at a special board meeting. Emile serves as President from (1906) to (1941) and briefly as Chairman in (1941). He was the last member of the family to be an activity member of the company. Charles Pfizer dies at the age of 82 while vacationing at his Newport, Rhode Island estate in 1906. The company has exceeded its sales to 3 million dollars by this time of Pfizer death. Once Pfizer dead, the board of director meets and name John Anderson as chairman of the company. Anderson first started working at Pfizer Inc as an office boy in (1873) and remained chairman until (1929) when he stepped down. (Pfizer 2009) A fermentation-free method of ascorbic acid was developed which was vitamin C. Pfizer was one of the biggest producers of vitamin C. Next came vitamin B-2, or riboflavin, and eventually develops a vitamin mix that includes riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and iron. Pfizer had a miracle drug called penicillin. This drug was use for soldiers in the war. Pfizer receive an award on April 17, 1943 from the Army for it company’s contribution to the war. (Pfizer 2009) By the 1951, Pfizer have expanded its company in Belgium, Vrazil, Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Panama, and Puerto Rico. In (1952), Pfizer introduce an Agricultural Division of the company to offer anim al health problems in Terre Haute, Indiana. Pfizer also open another plant in England in (1955). This plant was a fermentation plant for research and development operations in Great Britain. The company was doing so well, they open another Pfizer pharmaceutical plant in Mexico, Italy, and Turkey. The company workers increase from 4,300 to over 7,000 workers in just one year. (Pfizer 2009) (In 1967), the company introduced its first one a day antibiotic called  Vibramycin (dozycycline hyclate). As the year over taken, Pfizer had a drug called Feldence that became one of the largest-selling prescription anti-inflammatory medications in the world. From 1984-1989, Pfizer had introduce four new drugs. The first drug was Glucotrol which is for diabetes. The next drug was Unasyn (ampicillin sulbasctam). It was an injectable antibiotic. They produced a medication for angina and hypertension which was Procardia XL that is a medication that you take once-a-day. (Pfizer 2009) In June (2001), Hank Mckinnell announces that Pfizer to become the world’s most valued company to patients, customers and the communities we live in everyday. He announced a commitment to fund the building of a regional treatment and training center on the campus of Makerere University in Kampala as part of the Academic Alliance for AIDS Care. As the years passed by, Pfizer announces the launch of a three-year initiative to provide grants to support training and capacity building for HIV/AIDS in developing countries in (2002). (Pfizer 2009) In 2003 research and development received over $7.1 billion of investment from Pfizer. They start on a new medication to treat migraines called Relpax. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first treatment drug called Lyrica to treat neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in two forms. This drug also helps treat adults with epilepsy with partial onset seizures. On October 15, 2009, Pfizer wanted to help the lives of the patients and consumers by creating a company with on training products and therapies. (Pfizer 2009) Pfizer Pfizer have three different section of within their company. Pfizer is a incorporation which is a public company that was established in 1849. It is there to discover, develops, manufactures and market human and animal pharmaceuticals drugs. The Pfizer Inc. Corporate Giving Program is a complement of its foundation. Its corporate makes charitable contributions to nonprofit organizations directly. But last not least, The Pfizer foundation supports programs designed to promote access to quality health care and support the involvement of Pfizer community colleagues. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) The foundation have special emphasis in four strategies. The first strategy is to improve health care for people in need. The second strategy is to teach individuals about health care and a  way to prevent things from happening to health care workers and individuals as a whole. Third strategy is to increasing the faculty of health organizations to provide care to people in need. But last, to measure the impact by serving partnership with experts to be able to share the best practice offer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Pfizer leadership and Structure This company is made up of the best senior level executive personnel and the best decision-making board member there is offer. This board was brought together to focus on the major decisions of the company. Pfizer had several kinds of health care businesses. Pfizer had businesses such as Capsugel, Oncoogy, Nutrition, and Animal Health. Each company was run by a top executive who had very good knowledge of the company and products. (Pfizer 2009) The Board of Directors is elected annually by shareholders. They are the decision-making body of the company with the help of the shareholders. The Board selects the senior management team, which is charged with the conduct of the Company’s business. The board currently has 16 directors. (Pfizer 2009) Corporate Governance Pfizer was the first company to establish a corporate governance department. Pfizer understand to be trusted by public, they must have a good corporate governance and transparency. Pfizer stated â€Å"In order to create and sustain value for our stakeholders, and for society as a whole, we must first practice responsible business principles.† â€Å"And, we must take into account our stakeholders’ interests and be held accountable to them.† As reading the quote above from Pfizer Company, it clearly states that public opinion matter the most to them. The company want to make sure everyone have some kind of involves with their business. (Pfizer 2009) Public Policy Pfizer has a public policy select in its company. That’s a way the company communicate to people who have a part in their company. The public will be able to have discussing about the company and its product. The public policy is made so that the public can response to item to help improve the company to have better product and also to introduce new product into the company. (Pfizer 2009) Phrases of Development Pfizer Company has four different phrases of clinical development which new drugs are developed through a series of trails. Phrase 1, the company have healthy individual to volunteer for an experiential medicine which is called investigational new drug. This medicine is design to cure a disease which the volunteer currently have. A low dose of this medication is administered to the individual with highly supervision. The volunteer is watch very closed to record it responds to the medication to measure the doses that is best for that individual. (Pfizer 2009) In the second phrase, the drug is watched much closer to see what method is best for the individual. The method can be ever an oral or injection method. These patients for this stage are highly recommended by doctors or is a patient that has the disease that the drug is believed to treat. Phrase 3 is basically checking the results of the experiment to make sure the drug is working properly. The last phrase gather all the result form the trail period to make sure everything when as occurring as plan. They gather all the information on the drug about any risk that could occur while testing this drug on individuals. (Pfizer 2009) Programs Pfizer have many grants that they give out to university, foundation and other organizations. Pfizer also have many programs within it company. I will list and discuss some of the programs:  ConnectHIV: The foundation supports programs designed to serve communicates that are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS through grants to 20 mid-sized AIDS service organizations in the 10 states of the US with the highest number of new AIDS cases. The program is designed to prevent new infections to high-risk populations and delay disease progression for those already infected by supporting ASOs that take a comprehensive approach to presentation, access to care, and treatment. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Science in Schools: The foundation supports programs designed to improve education in communities around the world. Special emphasis is directed toward programs designed to build fully-equipped science labs and math classrooms to train local science teachers and develop initiatives to  encourage corporations and individuals to partner with local schools. It also helps teachers to study science in order to bring innovative knowledge and technology into the classroom. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Volunteer Programs (PVP): The foundation awards grants up to $1,500 to performing arts groups, museums, agencies serving the elderly, schools, libraries, hospitals, and community health organizations which employees and retirees of Pfizer volunteer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Matching Gift: The foundation matches contributions made by employees and retirees of Pfizer to nonprofits organizations on a one for one basis. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)  Global Health Partnerships: Advancing Caner and Tobacco Control: The foundation support the partnership of public health in the areas of tobacco independence and oncology. It important is directed toward programs with impact serving as global models in improving cancer-related health outcomes, supporting cancer control and encouraging tobacco independence. Pfizer Animal Health Pfizer is one of the world leaders in Veterinary-prescription medicines. Pfizer supports the veterinarians and animal food producer in making sure food is healthy for animals. Making sure the food is healthy for the animal ensures they will live a longer live. Pfizer also help support the veterinary to prevent animal illness. Articles The next half of my research will be discussing articles that I have researched on about Pfizer found in different magazines. I will be at the best of my knowledge summary the article to assure your understanding. I will also attached copies of the article at the end of the paper. â€Å"Will Pfizer’s giveaway drugs polish its public image?† The first article I will summarize is â€Å"Will Pfizer’s giveaway drugs polish its public image? This article was much unexpected. Pfizer decided to have a giveaway on drugs to reconstruct their company in August 2009. They made this service available for people who have lost their jobs. Pfizer have helped people out before financial but not a giveaway drugs day. Other pharmaceutical  industry wants to do the same thing to help other out also. Pfizer believer this was a good way of letting the public now that curing the disease is the main thing that is important to their company. I believe this article surprise a lot of people all over the world. It was a good thing that Pfizer decide to giveaway drugs to help the people in needed. I think all pharmaceutical company should at least try this once a year to improve their rating of their company. If other company participates in these events, their sells will increase over time. It’s also important that other people are concern about your health as well as yourself. This giveaway made a lot of people happy expressly the one that could afford to buy these drugs on their own.

Gattaca The Movie And Discrimination :: essays research papers

In the movie Gattaca the main character Anton was discriminated against because of his gene makeup. Anton never even had a chance in the society in Gattaca because the potential employees of companies were not tested on their skills or knowledge but on their physical and mental possibilities. The same society also used derogatory terms for people like Anton. Just because his parents decided that he would come into the world naturally instead of through gene therapy or alteration. Terms like â€Å"faith birth'; and â€Å"invalid'; were used against Anton. I think gene therapy has it promises, but when used in the fashion as it was used in the Gattaca I think its progress should be carefully monitored. Right now sheep and other animals are being cloned. Soon primates and Humans could be cloned. I think we should further investigate human cloning for research on the parenting process and other physiological experiments that can only be used now on identical twins separated at birth. T hese experiments when used could be used to gain insight on what our genes determine in our personalities. I also think that the achievement of us humans cloning ourselves would be a great achievement for the entire human race such as it was when we landed on the moon in 1969.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the movie Gattaca they barely showed the moral consequences of the actions. Anton’s father showed more pride in his brother than Anton, but what about Anton making friends, was he doomed to be a social outcast in friendships also? The second rate swimmer so depressed by being second in a race almost committed suicide, what about him? The movie never revealed how poor nations around the world dealt with eventually becoming a nation of an inferior human race. The movie pretty much shows how Hitler’s plan of creating a perfect human race would be like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie does show some positives though. A longer lifetime full of health was promised to all planned pregnancies.

Reflective Account of My Day at Work Essay

Yesterday I started my day at work at 7:30 am as I was rotted for an early shift as a duty manager for that day. I am following three weeks rolling rota with my colleagues from Senior Management Team (SMT). First of my responsibilities determined by Health and Safety at Work Act as well as our own Signing in Book Policy was to sign in the signing in book. This will ensure that it is known that I am in the building. All the staff coming on duty is required to sign in that book so organisation can keep the track of who is on site for example in case of fire: â€Å"Should the fire alarms go off it is the responsibility of the Team Coordinator to bring the Signing In Book to the assembly point for checking† (Signing in Book Policy) After that I went to the team office where I joined handover from night staff to morning team. â€Å"The Purpose of handover is to ensure the continuity and quality of care through good communication† states our Staff Handovers Policy and it is a lso one of the legal requirements (NMS 17.6). Last night was quiet and all Young People had a good night sleep. After making sure that our staff levels are appropriate for the number of Young People (NMS 17.1, The Children’s Home Regulations Act 2001 and Staffing Policy: â€Å"This policy has been created to ensure that each child is supported and taught appropriately and kept safe whilst accommodated within Our Place†.) I carried out my daily checks. This includes of making sure that teams carry out health and safety checks as well as housekeeping checks. This provides prove that our company ensures clean and safe environment for Young People in our service NMS 10. I didn’t find any short falls in the check books so I signed them off and the next piece of documentation I checked was MAR sheets (Medication Administration Record sheets). The Children’s Home Regulations Act 2001 – section 21 gives a very clear guidance for training, administration and record keeping of medication. Once again I didn’t find any faults or discrepancies. After I completed my daily checks I went to my desk in main office to catch up with my emails. After checking and replying to all my emails I started working on staff’s rota for currant month. Once again, as mentioned above (NMS 17.1, The Children’s Home Regulations Act 2001 and Staffing Policy: â€Å"This policy has been created to ensure that each child is supported and taught appropriately and kept safe whilst  accommodated within Our Place†.), it is my responsibility in organisation that home is staffed correctly and all the Young People are getting support required to meet their individual needs. It means booking our own staff for overtime shifts or using external agency if there are any gaps in our rota. Later on for rest of the rest of my day I was interviewing candidates for Support Worker role. Our company has got very thorough Recruitment & Selection Policy that gives a very clear guidance on the recruitment and selection process, starting with the section on â€Å"assessing the need for recruitment† and going thru all the steps of recruitment process in very detail (setting up recruitment file, advertising, sending out application packs, shortlisting candidates for interviews, interviewing, appointing candidates and eventually gaining the reference and DBS checks as part of safer recruitment and safeguarding Young People). Our Recruitment & Selection Policy is based on all relevant legislation (Children’s Act 1989, The Children’s Home Regulations Act 2001, National Minimum Standards, Keeping Children Safe in Education April 2014). In between the interviews I carried on with my electronic correspondence with Local Authorities, Parents or other external professionals and I also had my lunch break. In the afternoon I handed over everything to my colleague (Staff Handovers Policy, NMS 17.6) and I went home signing out in signing in book.

Emile Durkheim, the Father of Sociology Essay - 2001 Words

All great things in life start off with people whom we would never have guessed imaginable. Who would have thought the study of society would have amounted to anything or become a significant part of peoples lives. In the late 1800s people had a very small mindset which involved not knowing or even caring about what the outside world was like. The people knew things occurred in their society, but they never knew why nor did they care to find out. The society was run by religion and they did not question it. A Frenchman came out with studies that showed societies were strong and could become things that people would have never imagined. He proved that within society there were numerous groups and he could pinpoint their behavior and roles†¦show more content†¦Durkheim realized the deviance in society and concluded that there was a distinct difference in the way small towns and large cities worked together as a society. Suicide before Durkheim was an act people did to end their own lives due to multiple reasons and even sometimes accidental. Durkheim did not understand why someone would choose to end their own life. It was against social norms and he felt like there should be a clear explanation. He did not believe it was always a mental issue but in fact a direct response to the society in which the person lived in. Since a study to this extent had never been done before Durkheim was left to debate this issue alone, with many critics against his theories. He was on a trial and error process of the true definition of suicide, he had several ideas. One for example was that â€Å"â€Å"suicide is any death which is the immediate or eventual result of a positive (e.g., shooting oneself) or negative (e.g., refusing to eat) act accomplished by the victim himself.† (Robert Alun Jones.) He felt that he had not reached the correct definition due to a valid counterargument. One problem he faced was a mother giving birth. The mother knows that she could die during childbirth but that is not the result she intends on happening, but she would sacrifice herself in order to save her child. After much debate and ideas being tossed around Durkheim decided that suicide consisted of three parts: â€Å"extra-social causes†, â€Å"determination ofShow MoreRelatedDavid emile Durkheim: Father of Sociology1797 Words   |  8 Pages Throughout his life David Emile Durkheim managed to write about many aspects of life, however his most influent ial work had to do with sociology. Today he is known as the father of sociology for the innovative and revolutionary work he did. However, his works are not always easily understandable, but once understood its reach is endless. One of the questions that comes from Durkheim’s works is how the individual developed a sense of autonomy, how the individual was able to break out of the moldRead MoreThe Founding Fathers Of Sociology, Emile Durkheim2373 Words   |  10 PagesThis is what one of the founding fathers of sociology , Emile Durkheim , meant when he wrote in 1895 that the establishment of a sense of community is facilitated by a class of actors who carry a stigma and sense of stigmatization and are termed ‘deviant’. Unity is provided to any collectivity by uniting against those who are seen as a common threat to the social order and morality of a group. Consequently, the stigma and the stigmatization of some persons demarcates a boundary that reinforcesRead MoreEmile Durkheim s Theory Of The Founding Fathers Of Modern Sociology841 Words   |  4 PagesEmile Durkheim, is known as one of the founding fathers of modern sociology. Durkheim has the theory that every individual in a community, is to born to live and then die. A Durkheimian definition of community is that it has propinquity, which means residential closeness. Also has a social network where everyone in the community all know each other. Finally, a Durkheimian community must include a collective consciousness, which is when the people in the community share the same understanding of rightRead MoreThe Theories of Emile Durkkheim Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe Theories of Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim also referred to as â€Å"The Father of Sociology† (Thio, 2002), played a critical role in establishing theories based on â€Å"Social Facts† (Thio, 2002) He is best known for his views of â€Å"social reality†( Thio, 2002) and their ties into how a society works. He was said to be a sociologist who played an important part in the development of â€Å"structural functionalism† (Thio, 2002), and sociology as a whole. His four major studies, or publications, have assuredRead MoreEssay about The Life of Emile Durkheim1371 Words   |  6 PagesEmile Durkheim was French sociologist. He was born on April 15, 1858 in Epinal, France. Epinal is located in the Eastern French Province, Lorraine. His father, Moise was the Chief Rabbi of Epinal, Vosges, and Haute-Marne, while his mother, Melanie, worked as an embroiderer. Durkheim was the youngest of their four surviving children. Durkheim’s great-grandfather, grandfather, and father were all Jewish rabbis. He was expected to follow suit so at a young age he was sent to a rabbinicalRead MoreDifference Between Max Weber And Emile Durkheim1286 Words   |  6 PagesTwo of the fathers of sociology, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, each worked to establish sociology as a distinct subject of study. However, their understandings of the underpinnings of sociology, and therefore the methods best used to study it, were very different. Together, they give the modern sociologist competing, yet complimentary, tools with which to understand social phenomena. When writing his book, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, Emile Durkheim wanted to show that empirical data could be usedRead MoreEmile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesEmile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud Emile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud are European sociologists who studied and wrote about the affect of industrializations and with society. Emile Durkheim is known to many in the humanities and academic fields. Freud is familiar to anyone who has studied intellectual and scientific history. Durkheim and Freud believed understanding the rules of society was vital for human survival. Durkheim compares to Freud in some aspects to religion. Both Emile and Freud wereRead MoreSocial Theory Of Society By Emile Durkheim968 Words   |  4 Pagesare. Society is define differently to Emile Durkheim, one of the first official Sociologist, he defines society as a â€Å"thing† and believed that harmony, than conflict, defined society. This essay will contain information how society forms and function, in other words, how it maintains order and stability to support various relationships with one another or group collectively. Also, thoughts Durkheim has on social facts. Emile Durkheim believed in sociology, the social facts, and aspects in socialRead MoreSociology Emile Durkheim and Max Weber1495 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different perspectives on the growth of modernity. Society is constantly changing as more time passes by. People like Emile Durkheim and Max Weber both offer their own individual perspective on how the growth of modernity came about and how we have come to understand today’s society. In the 1890s period Emile Durkheim a sociologist, in France watched the transformation of society go from a ‘primitive’ stance into something more complex also known as ‘organic solidarity’. Max WeberRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Sociological Theorists Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx1599 Words   |  7 PagesEmile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber are all important characters to be studied in the field of Sociology. Each one of these Sociological theorists, help in the separation of Sociology into its own field of study. The works of these three theorists is very complex and can be considered hard to understand but their intentions were not. They have their similarities along with just as many of their differences. The first theorist to consider is Karl Marx. Marx has a uniqueness all of his own

Using City Directories for Genealogy Research

For anyone researching ancestors in a city or larger community, standard genealogical resources often fall short. Newspapers generally mention only the influential, interesting or most newsworthy residents. Land records offer little help when researching renters. Census records dont tell the stories of individuals who moved multiple times between census years. Cities, however, offer an invaluable historical and genealogical resource not available to those of us researching rural ancestors—namely, city directories. City directories offer anyone conducting family history research in a city or large town a nearly annual census of city residents, as well as a window into the community in which they lived. Genealogists all know the value of placing an ancestor in a particular time and place, but city directories can also be used to follow an individuals occupation, place of employment, and place of residence, as well as potentially identify life events such as marriages and deaths. Looking beyond the names of your ancestors, city directories also provide invaluable insight into your ancestors community, often including sections on neighborhood churches, cemeteries, and hospitals, plus organizations, clubs, associations, and societies. Information Often Found in City Directories Name and occupation of head of household (often men and female widows; later single employed females)Name of spouse (often in parentheses following name of husband; mid to late 19th century)Sometimes the names of children, often only those employed outside the homeStreet name and house number of residenceOccupationWork address (if employed outside the home) Tips for Research in City Directories Abbreviations were often used in city directories to save printing space and costs. Locate (and make a copy) of the list of abbreviations, usually located near the front of the directory, to learn that n Fox St. indicates near Fox St., or that r means resides or, alternatively, rents. Properly translating the abbreviations used in a city directory is essential for correctly interpreting the information it contains. Dont miss the late listing of names received too late for inclusion in the alphabetical portion. This can usually be found located just before or after the alphabetical list of residents and may include people who had recently moved to the area (including those moving within the city limits), as well as individuals the canvasser missed on his initial visit. If youre lucky, you may find a separate list of individuals who migrated from the city (with their new location), or who died within the year. What If I Cant Find My Ancestor? Just who was included in a city directory was up to the discretion of that directorys publisher, and often varied from city to city, or over time. Generally, the earlier the directory, the less information it contains. The earliest directories may list only people of higher status, but directory publishers soon made the attempt to include everyone. Even then, however, not everyone was listed. Sometimes certain parts of town weren’t covered. Inclusion in a city directory was also voluntary (unlike a census), so some people may have chosen not to participate, or were missed because they werent home when the agents came calling. Make sure you have checked every available city directory for the time period when your ancestors were living in the area. People overlooked in one directory may be included in the next. Names were also often misspelled or standardized, so be sure to check name variations. If you can locate a street address for your family from a census, vital, or another record, then many directories also offer a street index. Where to Find City Directories Original and microfilmed city directories can be found in a variety of repositories, and an increasing number are being digitized and made available online. Many may be available either in original format or on microfilm in the library or historical society that covers that particular locality. Many state libraries and historical societies have large city directory collections as well. Major research libraries and archives such as the Library of Congress, Family History Library, and American Antiquarian Society also maintain large collections of microfilmed city directories, for locations across the United States. Over 12,000 city directories for cities across the United States, most from the collection of the Library of Congress, have been microfilmed by Primary Source Media as City Directories of the United States. Their online collection guide lists the cities and directory years included in the collection. The Family History Library Catalog also lists a large collection of city directories, most of which can be borrowed on microfilm for viewing at your local Family History Center. Where to Find Old City Directories Online A large number of city directories can be searched and viewed online, some for free and others as part of various subscription genealogy collections. Large Online City Directory Collections Ancestry.com has one of the largest online collections of city directories, with a focus on coverage between the 1880 and 1900 U.S. federal census, as well as 20th century data. Their U.S. City Directories collection (subscription) offers good search results, but for best results browse directly to the city of interest and then page through the available directories rather than relying on search. The City Directories collection online at subscription-based website Fold3, includes directories for thirty large metropolitan centers in twenty U.S. states. As with the collection at Ancestry.com, better results are achieved by browsing the directories manually rather than relying on search. The Historical Directories Searchable Library is a free website from the University of Leicester in England, with a nice collection of digitized reproductions of local and trade directories for England and Wales for the period 1750–1919. Additional Online Sources for City Directories A number of local and university libraries, state archives and other repositories have digitized city directories and made them available online. Use search terms such as city directory and [your locality name] to find them via your favorite search engine. A number of historical city directories can also be found through online sources for digitized books, such as Internet Archive, Haithi Digital Trust, and Google Books.

Abuse Of Prescription Stimulants An Annotated Bibliography

Abuse of Prescription Stimulants in College Students: An Annotated Bibliography Arria, Amelia, Ph.D. Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants What College Administrators, Parents, and Students Need to Know. Center on Young Adult Health and Development, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2015. The use and abuse of prescription stimulants is not only focused on one specific level of students it affects as young as 8th graders in high school who wish to accomplish a high level of academic performance to reach the so called â€Å"success in life†. In 2011 Dr. Arria said that, â€Å"Students believe in the myth that by using prescription stimulants nonmedically, students can improve their cognitive performance and gain a competitive edge. When in reality, Experimental research has shown mixed findings on the performance effect of prescription stimulants among study volunteers with no attention difficulties. There is much uncertainty about their effectiveness due to dosage issues, individual differences, expectancy of the effect, and type of task. Thus, it is unlikely that these drugs can improve academic performance in the long run† (Arria). Dr. Arria also explained that students who also abuse cannabis also with excessive drinking will play a role in the effect on the medication taken, students are most common to take Adderall or Ritalin. These prescription medications are used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Smith, Kayla. Adderall Addiction and Abuse - PrescriptionShow MoreRelatedThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 PagesNew York have been contacted via email and by attempted phone contact. At this moment there has been one returned email from the EWGA( Executive Women s Golf Association). They have stated it is possible to advertise on their website which is annotated in the New York folder labeled EWGA Sponsor Opportunities and in the Appendix Email 1 Magazines In the folder Labeled New York there is another folder called PDF US Advertising files. These files contain all the information the magazines

Accounting Principle Technological Changes

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Principle for Technological Changes. Answer: Introduction The society has evolved through various technological changes in last two decades. The organization earlier needed a wide range of employees for administrative functions have now adopted integrated management system to manage their activities in real time with fewer employees. This phenomenon has also affected the accounting professionals. The Accounting professionals have always embraced technological innovation for performing their task more efficiently, effectively and accurately. Throughout the history accounting professionals for calculating simply and quickly have used clay tablets, then adding machines and calculators on 19th Century to the computers on 20th Century. The pace of technological development in recent times has increased thus changing the business and professional landscape very rapidly (Taipaleenmki Ikheimo,2013). Thus adopting to these technological changes rapidly is the biggest challenge for accounting professionals. The technological changes have necessitated the accounting professionals to broaden their education and skills. There may be other effects of the information technology innovation on accounting professionals. But no details study has been made to answer the question of impact of future technological innovation on accounting professionals in Australia. It is not possible to predict the future with certainty but there are certain measures that can be adopted so that burden of technological changes could be minimized and benefit derived from such changes could be maximized. This measures includes being informed about new technological innovations and assessing their impact on accounting profession. In this report an attempt has been made to study and evaluate the impact of technological changes on the skills, Ethics and carrier opportunity of accountants. Technological Innovations and Accounting Profession In recent decades there are numerous technological innovations that have taken place. But among them there are few path breaking technological innovations that have reshaped the accounting profession (Drew, 2015). Mobility The recent developments in information technology have changed the way business functions. The modern workplace has changed; employees have become increasingly interconnected and have access to information at their finger tip. The wireless networks, operating systems and application system have enabled access to information anywhere and anytime. Espousal by Accounting professionals. The Accountants have adopted this mobile technology for providing effective and efficient service to their clients. It has allowed the professional to be always connected with their business and client from any place (Zeff, 2003). So the opportunities provided to the accounting professionals by this technological advancement are: Connected workplace; Improvement in efficiency and productivity; Smooth communication with client thus helping to provide better service; There are certain challenges faced by accounting professionals due to this technological improvement. They are: It is necessary to have proper understanding of the communication service and devise that are suitable for the purpose. This requires continuous study and broadening of knowledge; There is a growing concern about cyber security and theft of information; As internet becomes more pervasive it will lead to change in working pattern. Social cooperation In last two decades social media has grown tremendously and the scope its of use has also widened over the years. It was initially just used for sharing pictures and information but the development of social media sites for instant messaging, blogging; crowd sourcing etc. has made social media sites hugely popular. As the social media sites started to attract large audience the business organization started to exploit these sites for gaining popularity and attract customers (Suddaby, et. al., 2015). Espousal by Accounting professionals. The social collaboration and new possibilities has reshaped accounting profession. The professionals are increasingly using crowd sourcing sites for improving and developing their services. The businesses all over are using social tools to collaborate with their clients as this are becoming new norms so accountants are also expected to collaborate with through social platforms. The professionals are required to reassess their working methods and business model in the light of new technological improvement. Accounting Professionals are required to: Develop new skills; become accustomed to changing professional requirements; and Educate and enforce better controls for governance. Big Data As per study every day 2.5 quintillion bytes of data is created from various sources. This data if collected and analyzed can help businesses to make better decision and effective planning. The big Information Technology giants like Google, IBM etc have used this data to their advantage by generating sales, personalizing products, making services more efficient, achieving higher productivity and customer satisfaction (Vasarhelyi et. al., 2015). Espousal by Accounting professionals. As huge volume of information is generated from every business activity so accountants are required to: Analyze the data critically so that meaning information could be derived from huge volume of data; Find new way to manage this huge volume of data; Audit and analyze complex data; Find innovative ways to estimate cost and return on investment. Cyber Security The organizations have become reliant on digital information this has exposed them to modern threats of data theft, hacking, infectious files in the system etc. The theft of digital information has become more common than physical theft and also a recent study has shown that medium and small enterprise are less digitally secure so are prone to more cyber attacks (Chou, 2013). Espousal by Accounting professionals. The use of internet has increased so also the risk of data security. To prevent data theft and other cyber crimes various data security tolls have been developed. Most of the prevalent security models reactive thus providing advantage to cyber criminals. So countering this cyber threats requires the accountant to: take more active steps to mitigate threat ; review its cyber security on a regular basis by taking into consideration new risks and threats; and Integrate cyber security with the business model. Virtual Reality Augmented Reality helps in enhancing perception of real environment. Virtual experiences are becoming interactive thus accounts are required to deal with new threats and opportunity. Espousal by Accounting professionals. A need for change is felt so the accounting professionals are required to prepare or a change in education, customer service, data processing and analysis. Accountants are required to Find innovative ways of attracting talent and training; Developing new ways of conducting with the help of virtual reality. Cloud Computing The internet has evolved from being computing machine to networking machine. It has now interactive computing platforms that are connected online to provide internet based technology resources such as softwares, applications etc. The accounting package system was one of the first software that became available online and since then various softwares as service is becoming available online. Espousal by Accounting professionals. The cloud technology has the potential to provide immense benefit to the business. The accountants can use this technology pro actively to make better strategic decision and gain advantage. The Accountants are required to: Asses the actual cost of implementing cloud technology; elucidate domestic and international tax regulation ; and Obtain detail price data from infrastructure vendors. Skill Development and Carrere Opportunity of Accounting Professionals The technological innovations have made it necessary for Accountants to continuously learn and new skills along with traditional accounting knowledge (Pan Seow, 2016). There are increasing needs for accounting professionals to collaborate and work in a virtual environment. This requires the accountant to develop a new type of inter personal skill that are quite different from traditional communication skills. The Accounting professionals of this century are not only required to use technology but the professionals are also expected to deal with challenges and exploit opportunities arising from technology (Henry Hicks, 2015). Accounting profession was one of the safest careers to be perused in Australia. But as the number of student perusing accounting courses has increased the employability for accounting professional has decreased (Cernusca Balaciu, 2015). This huge increase in accounting graduates has made a demand supply imbalance. The supply has far exceeded demand thus reducing the value of accounting profession. Accounting Profession can be broadly classified in four major fields they are Public Accountants; Government Accountants; Management Accountants and Auditors. The public Accountants mainly work in the field of audit and tax. The big accounting firms usually employ public accountants having master degree in accounts. Management Accountants main function is reporting, planning and decision making (Murphy, 2015). An individual having bachelors degree with professional qualification is preferred for this position. Government Accountants work in various department of government organization and a bachelors degree is preferred. Auditors are required to establish internal control, develop accounting systems etc. Thus a professional degree is preferred for this position (Apostolo et. al., 2015). In this report an analysis is made on the current requirement of skills that an accountant need to posses. This analysis is done on the basis of advertisement of accounting jobs that are available online. The study has shown that the accountants are required to have the following sets of skills to increase their employability: For most senior accounting position being a Chartered Accountant or Certified Public Accountant is mandatory; For intermediary positions having a bachelors degree is mandatory; An accountant is also expected to have advanced knowledge in excel and other MS office suite. In many cases it was observed that being having knowledge in SAP s preferred but not mandatory; Apart from academic skills importance is also given to interpersonal skills; All the job advertisement requires an accountant to be an excellent communicator; Should have the ability to work in team and lead the team; An accountant is also expected to work accurately under pressure and strict deadline. This analysis has shown that expectation from an Accountant has broadened. It is not only expected that an Accountant should have sound knowledge in finance but it is also expected that they have an overall characteristic of being friendly, good communicator, a team man and a problem solver. Ethics in Accounting Profession The financial information of an enterprise is monitored and controlled by the Accountants. The roles of accountants have come under public scrutiny after recent debacles and collapse of important organizations. As per Walsh (2014) the ethical role of accounts is not only important for internal functioning of an enterprise but it is also similarly important for outsiders. The Accounting professionals are expected to act in public interest (Sharpe, 2016). They have a unique responsibility of providing professional service to their clients and also an accountant is required to be truthful and uncompromising in providing financial information to the public. The Accounting professionals are required to follow the fundamental principles of objectivity, integrity, confidentiality, professional behavior, professional competence and due care (Welsh et. al., 2015). Objectivity and independence are important ethical values for an accountant. An accountant should be free from conflict of interest while providing its services otherwise it may hamper his/her ability to provide an objective accounts of the company. Integrity is an important principle that requires the accountant to be honest in providing financial information. An Accountant is required to maintain confidentiality of informations that are statutorily not required to be disclosed by an accountant. An account usually has access to vital information regarding a business thus this ethical principle is very essential and is always required to be followed. An Accountant is required to take due care of all the technical and ethical standards. Due care means exercising diligence, competence and having complete understanding of financial information presented. The need to follow Ethical principles has increase with improvement in technology because it has become easier for an accountant to manipulate information and indulge in window dressing of financial statement (Andon et. al., 2015). The advancement of technology can also be misused by the accounting professionals thus a strong moral and ethical principle can act as a deferent for those indulging in unethical activities (Traisatru, 2016). Conclusion The technological landscape has changed so is the Accounting profession. The recent development of accounting softwares has made maintaining accounts an easy task. The higher level of skills and knowledge once required for doing basis accounting work can now be done with little knowledge in accounting. Thus it can be argued that bookkeeping has become so easy due to advancement of softwares that one need not be a professional accountant to do be a bookkeeper. But the overall scope of the accounting profession has broadened bringing forth new challenges that requires accountant to learn new sets of skills. The accounting skills may provide excellent career opportunity but the employability of bachelors in accounting has reduced due to demand supply imbalance in job market. But in spite of this an accounting profession has wide variety of career path to choose from. An accountant can work for public accounting firm, public sector, self employed and small business. A highly qualified ac countant is employed as directors of the company, board member, chief executive officer and many other senior posts. It can be concluded that a degree in Accountancy offers a lucrative, challenging and dynamic career. Reference Andon, P., Free, C., Scard, B. (2015). Pathways to accountant fraud: Australian evidence and analysis.Accounting Research Journal,28(1), 10-44. Apostolou, B., Dorminey, J. W., Hassell, J. M., Rebele, J. E. (2015). Accounting education literature review (20132014).Journal of Accounting Education,33(2), 69-127. Chou, T. S. (2013). Security threats on cloud computing vulnerabilities.International Journal of Computer Science Information Technology,5(3), 79.Drew, J., (2015). Keep Pace with Tech Changes. Journal of Accountancy, 220(4), p.20. Henry, B. Hicks, M., (2015). A Survey of Perspectives on the Future of the Accounting Profession. The CPA Journal, 85(8), p.6. Murphy, G., (2015). A vision for the future: by using the most current technology and keeping their skills up to date, management accountants can enhance their careers and their organizations. Strategic Finance, 97(4), pp.62-64. Pan, G. Seow, P.S., (2016). Preparing accounting graduates for digital revolution: A critical review of information technology competencies and skills development. Journal of Education for Business, pp.1-10. Sharpe, M., (2016). Investigating How Religiosity, Ethics, and Other Factors Relate to Future Accounting and Business Professionals' Views on Work-Life Balance.Ethics (January 22, 2016). Suddaby, R., Saxton, G.D. Gunz, S., (2015). Twittering change: The institutional work of domain change in accounting expertise. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 45, pp.52-68. Taipaleenmki, J., Ikheimo, S. (2013). On the convergence of management accounting and financial accountingthe role of information technology in accounting change.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(4), 321-348. Traistaru, D.A., (2016). Perceptions Concerning Professional Judgement And Ethics In The Evolution Of The Accounting Profession. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 4(10), pp.126-135. Vasarhelyi, M. A., Kogan, A., Tuttle, B. M. (2015). Big data in accounting: An overview.Accounting Horizons,29(2), 381-396. Walsh, J., (2014). The Role of Ethics in a Future Accounting Career. Welsh, D. T., Ordez, L. D., Snyder, D. G., Christian, M. S. (2015). The slippery slope: How small ethical transgressions pave the way for larger future transgressions.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(1), 114. Zeff, S. A. (2003). How the US accounting profession got where it is today: Part I.Accounting Horizons,17(3), 189-205.