Political perspective to decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Political perspective to decision making - Essay Example Organizational decision making takes place at different levels. Most of the crucial organizational decisions entail distribution of limited resources in the various departments or segments. They are significant in the identification of the most appropriate way to share resources. Due to scarcity of resources, political actions arise making the decision making process to have a political perspective. Most of the competition is usually exhibited by the organizations while searching for leadership and personnel positions that influence decision making. Political influence in decision making creates differences in the organizational dynamics making power to become a significant resource. Power enables those who hold it in an organization to have a substantial control in decision making. This essay discusses the political perspectives in decision making and their main implications. Organizations are usually an alliance of several individuals who have personal dreams expectations, weaknesses and strengths. These alliances are the fundamentals of the political perspectives, whose existence is attributed to the presence of division of labor in the business. According to Pettigrew (1985 p. 42), â€Å"associated career, rewards and individual status are the core sources of the political perspectives†. In his view, the occurrence of interest groups usually originates from the existence matching objectives within the group members. On the other hand, the differences that exist in the organizational hierarchy amongst the different groups facilitate the occurrence of the political perspectives. Differences come as a result of issues such as the members who have been newly recruited in the group and the pioneers, and others such as the traditionalists and those who want changes to be made in the organizational structures. The variations in opinions between these groups lead to the presence of sub units that are charac1terized by

Business operational Essay Example for Free

Business operational Essay To provide learners with an understanding of the role and importance of operations management (OM) in the efficient and effective production of goods and services. Scenario: WH Smith is a major, well-known and publically-quoted book retailer and newsagent in the UK. Recently it was reported how Kate Swann, the former CEO for the last 10 years, has turned the company around from ? 135m losses to ? 106m profit in a decade. (source: www. theguardian. com/business/blog/2013/jan/23/wh-smith-kate-swann-profit, accessed 1 October 2013) (Also see copy attached) This is an example of how the principles of operations management can be used to reactivate a firm. How did she do it? Using the above as a starting point, together with other information sources, which you should research yourself, on WH Smith, you are asked to address the Tasks below regarding operations management. Task 1 (this meets LO 1, ACs 1. 1, 1. 2 and 1. 3) Based on the Scenario, produce a document explaining the nature and importance of Operation Management and its key elements. Your document for this Task must include the following elements (among others as you wish): I. A definition of OM and an explanation of its importance; II. The key elements of OM; III. The need to produce goods or services on time and to cost, with the right quality and within the law; IV. The role of OM in achieving strategic objectives; and V. Produce systems and sub-systems diagrams for any WH Smith operations processes, including a brief explanation of your diagrams. Task 2 (this meets LO 2 ACs 2. 1, 2. 2 and 2. 3) Based on the Scenario, produce a document explaining the relationship between OM and strategic planning. Your document for this Task must include the following elements (among others as you wish): I. II. III. Explain the implementation of the â€Å"3Es† in WH Smith; Critically review the tension between cost minimisation and quality maximisation in the context of WH Smith; and Assess the importance of the five performance objectives that underpin operations management. Task 3 (this meets LOs 3 and 4 in full) Base on the Scenario, produce a document explaining how to organise and apply relevant techniques in a typical production process. Your document for this Task must include the following elements (among others as you wish): I. II. III. IV. Comment briefly on the importance of operational planning and control. Explain what linear programming is, and give an example in relation to any part of the operations of WH Smith; Produce a network plan and indicate the resultant critical path for any operation in WH Smith. (for this task, you should include a set of operational outcomes, which are clearly defined). Explain how quality can be defined and maintained. Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria In order to Pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the Learning Outcomes for the unit. The Assessment Criteria determine the standard required to Pass this unit. The Assessment Criteria will act as a guide to help you put into context your answers to fulfill the Learning Outcomes. Learning Outcome Assessment Criteria 1. 1 explain the importance of operational management 1. 2 explain the need to produce safely; on time; to cost; to LO 1Understand the quality and within the law nature and importance 1. 3 explain the link between operations management and of operational strategic planning management 1. 4 produce a systems diagram to illustrate a typical business 2. 1 explain the ‘Three Es’ (economy, efficiency and effectiveness) LO2 Understand the link between operations 2. 2 explain the tension between cost minimisation and management and quality maximisation strategic planning 2. 3 evaluate the significance of the five performance objectives that underpin operations management 3. 1 explain linear programming LO3 Understand how 3. 2 evaluate critical path analysis and network planning to organise a typical 3. 3 explain the need for operational planning and control production process LO4 Be able to apply relevant techniques to the production of an operational plan for a typical business 4. 1 produce a set of clearly defined operational outcomes 4. 2 produce a network plan and indicate the resultant critical path 4. 3 explain how quality could be defined and maintained. INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS This assessment and the Tasks above are designed to assess your achievement of all four of the Learning Outcomes and associated Assessment Criteria for a Pass in the ‘Employability Skills’ unit of the qualification you are undertaking. Your tutor/ deliverer will advise you when you should start work on the assignment, the date when you must hand in your completed work and when you can expect to get your mark and feedback on your work. Guidance on this subject is provided on page 1 of this assignment brief. You should make sure that you plan your work carefully, to ensure that you cover all four learning outcomes of the assignment, and complete it within the time limit specified. There is no official guideline wordcount or percentage marking (other than Pass/ Merit/ Distinction/ Refer). By way of guidance only for this particular assignment, it is recommended that you write a minimum of 2000-2500 words total and match the weighting of your efforts to the wordcount indicated. Your statements in answer to the Learning Outcomes need to be prefixed with the specific Learning Outcome title or at least the Learning Outcome number. This will help you keep on track and should ensure you address the details. You must make sure that you acknowledge any sources you have used to complete this assignment, listing reference material and web sites used. The assignment result will be published on BITE’s Moodle online education materials platform, normally within 6 weeks of the submission date. If your assignment is assessed as referred, you will be notified with an indication of the areas to be addressed. You may resubmit an assignment, or submit a new assignment, on a further two occasions during your period of registration as an Institute learner with Edexcel. If there is anything in these instructions or in the assignment itself which you do not understand, please seek guidance from your tutor/ deliverer. Merit grade Descriptors For learners to achieve a Merit they must: Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions Indicative characteristics Learners must demonstrate that: An effective approach to assignment planning, study and research is in evidence Evaluations and judgements, using evidence, have been made Problems with a number of variables have been considered Select/design and apply appropriate methods/techniques A range of relevant theories have been included Relevant theories and techniques have been applied to the case study A range of different sources of information have been used The selection of methods/techniques of analysis and use of source material have been justified Information/ data has been synthesised and processed Present and communicate appropriate findings The written assessment is coherent, shows logical development and a sound understanding of theories, concepts and research evidence The written assessment demonstrates that an appropriate structure and approach has been used The written assignment demonstrates a writing style appropriate for audiences both familiar and unfamiliar with the subject. The written work is clearly written and technical language has been accurately used Distinction grade Distinction descriptors For learners to achieve a Distinction they must: Indicative characteristics Learners must demonstrate that: Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions. Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and evaluation of research evidence and have been justified The validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria Realistic and informed recommendations have been proposed against defined characteristics for success Take responsibility for managing and organising activities. The written assignment shows excellent planning, is organised coherently and is clearly expressed Independence of thought and gathering of research material has been demonstrated Material used has been clearly understood and well organised The importance of individual and group behaviour in organisations and its management has been recognised and addressed Demonstrate convergent/lateral/creative thinking. There is evidence of self-generated ideas with evaluation Convergent and lateral thinking are evident in the written assignment Creative thinking is evidenced with unfamiliar material. Problem-solving is in evidence Innovation and creative thought are in evidence Receptiveness to new ideas is evident Ideas have been generated, evaluated and informed decisions/ recommendations are made. Case Study: WHSmith †¢ WH Smith: Kate Swann turns ? 135m losses into ? 106m profit in a decade One of the UKs most highly regarded – and highly paid – retailers achieved success by going against the grain WH Smith chief executive Kate Swann favours the old retail adage: sales are vanity, profits are sanity. Photograph: PA When Kate Swann arrived at WH Smith in 2003, there was a widely held view that the chains days were numbered. A decade on, she has turned losses of ? 135m into a profit of probably ? 106m this year, and shares that were languishing at 250p are now changing hands at 650p. Swann is now one of the UKs most highly regarded – and highly paid – retailers. Yet she has achieved this remarkable feat by breaking many of the rules of running a successful high street retail business. When Swann announced she was pulling out of selling music and DVDs because the profit margins were thin and getting thinner, rivals thought she had taken leave of her senses – she was instantly kissing goodbye to about 30% of Smiths turnover. On a same-store basis on the high street, WHS now sells roughly ? 65 of goods for every ? 100 of custom seven years ago. The demise of Zavvi and HMV in the face of online competition shows it was a brave – and correct – decision. Swann favours the old retail adage: sales are vanity, profits are sanity. By focusing on profitable sales and cutting costs relentlessly, she has boosted profit margins – according to analyst Nick Bubb by an almost incredible 15 percentage points. While other retailers have been pouring resources into the digital world, Smiths big online strategy is its Funky Pigeon card site. Instead, Swann plans to open more shops, even though they are, to be frank, deeply unpleasant places to shop, stuffed with stock and screaming promotional banners. While the supermarkets have to tread carefully in the products they offer and have been targeted for displaying sweets at the checkout, Smiths has sold stationery aimed at teenagers and young women adorned with the Playboy bunny motif and Swanns checkout assistants attempt to force-feed the nation giant bars of Galaxy and chocolate oranges. Her secret? Maybe its the low profile. While many rivals enjoy the limelight, holding forth on the woes of the economy, the lack of women in the boardroom and political issues such as the in-out debate, Swann says nothing. She doesnt give interviews. On Wednesday, at Smiths AGM, a shareholder stood to offer thanks for her transformation. Asked to respond, she merely said: Thank you, lets move on. No doubt she will. There will be a queue for her services.

Therapeutic Horseback Riding and Children with Autism Developmental Dis

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder that affects a person’s social interaction and communication. This disorder is mainly characterized by having difficulty with social interaction, communication, and having restricted behaviors. Difficulty with social interaction means someone will struggle to communicate their feelings/emotions, understand how others feel or think, develop peer relationships, and understand nonverbal behaviors (eye gaze, facial expressions, etc). Difficulty with communication will vary among the individual. Some individuals will develop expressive language, while others will not. The speech of those that do develop expressive language will often be repetitive, rote, and lack meaning. They may struggle with turn taking in conversation and topic maintenance. Those individuals who do not develop expressive language typically do not use other modalities to communicate, like pointing or gestures. The last characteristic of the autistic spectrum disorder is having repetitive behaviors or activities. Typically children on the spectrum will play with their toys in an unusual manner, or may prefer only one toy, movie, or activity. Changes in daily schedule are hard for children on the spectrum to adapt to; usually these children like the same daily schedule. Bass, Duchowny, and Llabre (2009) state, â€Å"It is possible that animal-assisted activities provide a multisensory environment that will prove beneficial to children with profound social and communication deficits.† Macauley and Gutierrez (2004) state: Today, in the United States, people’s use of horses can be classified into two main categories: equine-assisted activities and equine-assisted therapy. Equine- assiste... ...tations of this study were the age range (6-8). Also, only looking at children with autism. Other children with motor and sensory function disorders might benefit from the same horseback-riding program. Works Cited Bass, M., Duchowny, C., & Llabre, M. (2009). The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on social functioning in children with autism. Journal Of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 39(9), 1261-1267. Macauley, B. L., & Gutierrez, K. M. (2004). The effectiveness of hippotherapy for children with language-learning disabilities. . Communication Disorders Quarterly, 25(4), 205-217. Wuang Y, Wang C, Huang M, Su C. The effectiveness of simulated developmental horse-riding program in children with autism. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly [serial online]. April 2010;27(2):113-126. Available from: PsycINFO, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 19, 2012

Johann Sebastian Bach

The Baroque period happened right after the Renaissance, an era best defined by the emergence of unique styles. Baroque literally means â€Å"bizarre†, and this is used to describe architectural designs during that time. Buildings of this design were observed to be highly ornamented and decorated. Later, the term has also been applied to music.This style differs greatly from the Renaissance and the Classical style of music by means of instruments used, amount of experimentation, and techniques utilized in composing and in performing the musical pieces.Musicians of this time experimented greatly on music genres, used different playing styles, evolved and changed a lot of traditional musical notations, improved on the complexity of instruments, and highlighted a point in history where music has changed dramatically. This era was indeed a turning point for music, giving birth to composers destined to be remembered until now. One of these geniuses is Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach wa s born on the 21st of March, 1685 to a well renowned family of musicians.His father was Ambrocious, the court trumpeter for the Duke of Eisenach and a musical director for the town and his mother was Maria Elisabetha Lammerhirt. Many of the Bachs were known for being instrumentalists, church organists, and singers all through out the town. Johann Sebastian Bach, as early as eight years old, begun singing in a choir they and his friends have founded at their school. Prior to this, he has been taught on how to play the violin and the harpsichord by his father and the organ by his uncle. He immediately became proficient with these instruments, particularly the organ.But fate has not been very kind to him, and at an early age, he lost his mother, father, a brother and a sister (Boyd, 1983). These early tragedies did not slow Bach down, and at a young age of 18, Bach started to be known all through out his village and other neighboring towns. He became a regular singer at choirs and a mu ch praised organist at congregations. He traveled to different places, and was hired by different courts as their chief musician and composer. He was able to start a family by marrying Maria Barbara, who gave birth to four children.His wife then died shortly after while Bach was out on a traveling performance. Bach then remarried, this time with Anna Magdalena, who remained faithful in taking care of their children and in copying Bach’s manuscripts. He lived his life well, created a family, and composed hundreds of pieces before lying to rest on July 28, 1750 (Boyd, 1983). The life of Bach can be seen as a flow of history told by his compositions. His famous pieces, usually short scores collected in a book, are manifestations of his life at the current time the music was composed.Take for example his work â€Å"Mass at B Minor†, started at about 1724 and completed at 1749, just a year before his death (Smith, 1996). This is a 4-part piece which depicts Bach’s li fetime devotion to religion. As a student years back, he studied Theology, and even topped his class at a very young age. Another piece Bach is known for is the lengthy â€Å"Brandenburg Concertos† which he completed at around 1721 or earlier. These 6 concertos are dedicated to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, who was pleasured by Bach’s innate talent for music. Bach used this piece to apply for a position on the Margrave’s court as a musician (Chee).Finally, his work entitled â€Å"The Musical Offering† marks the timeline in his life when he played for the King of Prussia, Frederick II at around 1747. This King’s theme started as an improvised piece by Bach, and later became a full length book used by many of his successors (Rasmussen, 2001). Bach is a very accomplished musician. His life was not always that perfect, in fact he had a lot of pitfalls and severe tragedies such as death of a loved one. But he showed the world that b y having a passion for something like music, one can surpass all trials presented to him.And by dedicating his life to his work, he became a composer-legend the world will never forget. References: Boyd, M. (1983). Bach. Timeline retrieved from http://www. jsbach. org/timeline. html Chee, B. The Brandenburg Concertos. Inkpot Issue 95. Retrieved from http://inkpot. com/classical/bachbrandenburg. html Rasmussen, M. (2001). Bach, Mozart, and the ‘Musical Midwife', The New Federalist, Retrieved from http://www. schillerinstitut. dk/bach. html Smith, A. (1996). Bach’s Mass in B Minor as a Musical Icon. Lecture retrieved from http://jan. ucc. nau. edu/~tas3/musicon. html

Atlantic Slave Trade †Causes and Effiects Essay

The yearning of the Europeans especially Portuguese, Spanish, British and the Dutch for exploration, colonisation and imperialism was a major factor in expanding the slave trade networks in the Atlantic. As discussed by Timothy P. Grady in the book The Atlantic World 1450-2000, â€Å"explorers from Portugal, Spain and other European nations expanded the geographic knowledge southward along the coast of Africa and westward across the Atlantic shores of the Americas†. The urge for this exploration was triggered by the fall of Constantinople in May 1943, the last vestige of the Roman Empire, to the Muslim Turks which shook the fortitude of the European countries and the Christian faith. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire around the Mediterranean region deprived European merchants of the lucrative trade routes along the Silk Road to the East. The threat of lost communication and trade routes across the Mediterranean into China, India and other regions of eastern Asia and lost access to silk and other precious commodities carried along this route, forced Europeans to explore alternate trade routes to Asia by turning westward for new opportunities. Discovery of new routes west of Europe through the Atlantic, led to European arrival off West coast of Africa in the late fifteenth century. By mid seventeenth century, the coast line of West Africa was infiltrated by fifty forts and slave trading posts of competing European countries – Portugal, Spain, Britain, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany dividing the coastline into – Ivory Coast, Gold Coast and Slave Coast. The political set up in Africa also facilitated slave trade. Africa was divided into a number of small and large states, chieftaincies and independent villages each with their own form of government, religion, customs and traditions. These territories often fought with each other and the captives of war were taken as slaves. Such conflicts were justified wars which according to Warren. C. Whatley was â€Å"natural struggles of nation building† conducted in the normal course of affairs. The captives referred to as â€Å"joint-products of war† or â€Å"stolen goods† were then exported. With the advent of the Europeans, domestic conflicts became slave raids. As Robin Law asserted, the Kingdom of Dahomey dominated the slave raiding and trading from 1715 to 1850. Their kings held a royal monopoly on the trade and conducted slave raids through their armies. Thus the political ambitions of the European and African monarchy led to the development of the slave trade. The developments in technology and its impact on navigation, ship building, and firearms aided the growth in Atlantic slave trade. Navigation The desire for exploration spurred European scholars, navigators and sailors to expand their knowledge of geography and devise new ways of charting and mapping their journeys. Increased use of the hour glass and logs to measure time and distance and the Portolan charts clearly documented navigation. In 1462, the Portuguese navigators devised methods of figuring out latitudes by measuring the height of the Pole Star above the horizon. Later in 1484, astronomers in the court of King Joao II, using the midday sun to figure latitudes, produced a set of declination tables. Under the patronage of Prince Henry of Portugal, other significant developments were made in the study of winds, tides and ocean currents; documents from previous explorations were compiled and maps and charts were continuously improved. Thus a good number of problems associated with navigation were resolved by late fifteenth century. As navigation across the great oceans became manageable, the transportation of the slaves between the continents – Europe, Africa and America became less complicated. Ship Building The changes to the design and functionalities of the European ships were another major factor that contributed to the expansion of Atlantic slave trade. Between the fourteenth and mid- nineteenth centuries, sailing ships were the main means of transport of the slaves. These sailing ships kept changing over time in terms of design, fittings, equipments and materials used as sail. Use of three to four masts, sturdy hull, square lateen and sprit sails, and stern rudder enhanced their sailing power, speed and eased control of the ships in wild weather conditions. Small ships such as the caravel, highly manoeuvrable ships introduced in the fifteenth century encouraged the Portuguese to explore regions around West African coast such as Senegal and Cape Verde and Canary islands to secure staples, gold and slaves. Other ships designed by Portuguese for travel in the Atlantic Ocean were the carracks, four masted ships and the galleon, heavily armed multi deck sailing ships. The ships also grew in size and multi decks were able to accommodate larger number of slaves. The mean tonnage of the slave ships from Liverpool in 1730 was 75 tons. This increased to 130 tons in 1790 and 226 tons in 1805. Weapons The supremacy of Europe in the slave trade was driven by its guns, cannons and restraints. They used a variety of weapons to threaten the slaves and the enemy ships at sea, to maintain control both on land and at sea. The diffusion of the new gunpowder technology accelerated the slave trade. The African communities, threatened by armed neighbours, resorted to trading the captives for gunpowder, guns and muskets. In the words of Warren. C. Whatley, the vicious cycle, â€Å"a raid or be raided† arms race known as the Gun- Slave-Cycle was created. The replacement of the ineffective matchlock musket by the flintlock in1680s, drastically increased firearms demand in West Africa. According to J. E. Inikori, the firearms imported from England during the eighteenth century were between 283,000 and 394,000 guns per annum. The demand for firearms from West Africa was so high that manufacturing companies such as Farmer and Galton were forced to pressurise their workers to increase production. The demand for firearms was matched by supply of slaves. The developments in restraining technology aided the slave trade in terms of terrorising the slaves and reducing escapes. The restraints used in the trade included, neck restraints, iron collars linked by chains, tongue restraints and leg and wrist shackles to trammel movement. The ability to stow more slaves per cubic foot of the ship, ability to navigate better around the coast of Africa, the reduction in escapees due to draconian restraints, and the organisation of forts around the coast to lodge the captives helped to reduce costs and promote trade. African Demand for goods from Europe The introduction of a wide range of consumption goods in West Africa, the possession of which was a matter of social status and power, was another factor leading to the development of Atlantic slave trade. The African demand for iron and copper bars, textiles, salt, earthenware, weapons and firearms, rum, wine, gin and cowrie shells and a variety of both European and oriental goods had a profound impact on slave trade. The demands for these goods were so high that the European suppliers could not cope with the increased demand. J. E. Inikori commented that firearms and textiles were in such high demand by the slave traders that they were not prepared to clear their slave cargo, if they were not satisfied with the quantity of supply of these items of trade. The merchants were willing to trade their morality to capture slaves in exchange for European goods. Alan Rice clearly identifies this when he asserts, â€Å"The desire for luxury goods was so great that these African elites would consign war captives and domestic slaves to an unknown fate across the ocean in exchange for them†. Growth in Slave trading institutions Growth in social institutions to perform a more organised slave trade was a key factor in Atlantic slave trade. The increase in demand and prices of slaves encouraged the development of various institutions to address the issues associated with the trade – capture, enslavement, seasoning, trade, regulations and taxation. The merchants explored new ways of trapping the slaves – deception, kidnapping, ambush attacks, promoting conflicts between villages and the pretence of family substitution for the runaways. The kidnap of Olaudah Equiano in 1750s in his words, â€Å"One day when all our people were gone out to their works as usual and only I and my sister were left to mind the house, two men and woman got over our walls and in a moment seized us both†¦ and ran off with us into the nearest wood†. The drought and famine in Africa due to marginal rainfalls in the Savannah areas – Angola and the grasslands extending from Senegambia to Cameron, forced desponding families to sell themselves. People were too poor to survive and offered themselves as collateral for credits. Non repayment made them slaves. Development of enforcement mechanisms also encouraged the slave trade. Credit was offered to slave traders to cover costs of acquiring, transporting and housing slaves until they were boarded on the ships. Other types of such mechanisms, described by Warren. C. Whatley were â€Å"the use of factories and forts as holding pens and warehouses, African canoe houses and other trade coalitions, secret societies and treaties between European and African nations. The cycle of violence to hunt down the slaves continued leading to an upsurge in slave trade The decline in population in the Americas This was another important factor that led to the development of Atlantic slave trade. With the European colonisation of the Americas, there was a growth in mining and plantations in the islands between North and South America and the labour demands were met by native Indians. The massive mortality rates of the natives due to poor working conditions and new European and African diseases such as measles, small pox, the plague, influenza, malaria and yellow fever led to decline in the population of Americas. Figure 1 presents data on the drastic decline in population in Americas which led to a decline in labour. The Europeans now turned to the Negroes in Africa for labour. They soon found that the African slaves were more productive and the output quadrupled. Shiploads of slaves were exported to work in these American islands and soon the slave trade was transformed from a marginal institution to a global phenomenon. Growth in Plantations The development of Atlantic slave trade stemmed from the growth in plantation agriculture such as sugar, cotton, tobacco, tea and rice in the New World. The demand for plantation workers in sixteenth century Brazil, seventeenth century Caribbean and nineteenth century Cuba instigated slave supply from Africa. The intensity of the growth in plantations could be seen in small islands like Barbados. By 1650 Barbados had 300 plantations which multiplied to 900 by 1670, a rate of 100% per annum. The growing demand for sugar, multiplying at a compound rate of 5% per annum in the seventeenth century to about 10% in the nineteenth century, increased the demand for African slaves to work in the sugar plantations in the New World lands. As H. Hobhouse puts it, â€Å"‘food’ became responsible for the Africanization of the Caribbean†. This small group of islands accounted for 80% of the sugar and slave trade until the eighteenth century. The slave labour for majority of these plantations was secured from Africa through the Atlantic. As plantations became the expanded into a global trade network, so did the Atlantic slave trade. Slave Trade and Profitability There were various groups of stakeholders in the Atlantic Slave trade who participated in it due to the profitability from the trade in slaves. African Rulers profited in terms of taxes and custom duties paid by the European merchants. They were given the first choice of any merchandise that was brought into Africa for trade and were able to bargain lower prices for these goods. The rulers also commanded premium prices for their own slaves. They also received considerable gifts from the merchants in order to secure preferential trading agreements. Ouidah, a coastal town in Benin, West Africa was a strong European trading post since 1720 and was accessed by forty to fifty European trading vessels per year. Hence the ruler who started off with ten slaves in exchange for opening his market in 1700 was able to command a higher price of twenty slaves by 1720. This was in addition to the privileges in the purchase or sale of the commodities which included the slaves as well. According to Miles Ogborn, by 1800s the rulers in Africa were able to obtain â€Å"goods for each slave worth three or four times as much in 1700†. Both African and European slave traders were paid well. Overwhelmed by the profits from slave exports, wealthy merchants both in Africa and Europe, expanded slave trading networks to prodigious numbers. Figure 2 analyses changes in supply by African slave merchants in response to changes in prices. The data reveals that the supply increased as price increased. Hence, the largest emigration of slaves in the eighteenth century can be attributed to the increase in price from ? 14 to ? 25. Between the years 1779 and 1788, there was a decrease in demand for slaves due to the War of American Independence. This created excess supply of slaves in the African coast. Hence the planter in Americas started restocking their slave supply. The European slave traders capitalised on this by securing supply at cheaper prices from Africa and selling higher prices in the Americas; thereby making abnormal profits between these years. Thus slave trade allowed African and European slave traders to maximise profits from the trade. The consumers of Europe profited in terms of cheaper commodity prices due to increased output by African slaves in the plantations. Figure 3 presents data on the production of sugar and tobacco by British colonies. The increased volume of production of these commodities reduced their prices much to the favour of European consumers. Tobacco which fetched twenty to forty shillings in 1619 was sold for a shilling or less while the price of sugar halved between 1630 and 1680. Thus the consumers were able to enjoy the luxury of these commodities at affordable prices. The planters were another group of stakeholders in the trade who profited in their own way. Labour became cheap and more available due to Atlantic Slave trade. The planters always worked with a motive of profitable exploitation of the factors of production, especially labour and work was dictated by discipline and violence. Successful planters were able to create immense wealth and have extravagant lifestyles. While the slaves slogged day and night in the plantations, the owners were able to retreat in the Great Houses built on commanding positions, with beautiful gardens, imported china, furniture and furnishings. The fortune and lifestyle of Sir Charles Price, the largest land and slave owner of Jamaica between 1738 and 1772 demonstrates the height of planter lifestyles. The Decoy†, the Great House he built was a mansion with magnificent rooms with mirrors and wood carving in the decor, lakes and parks around the house and elegant gardens with fruits, flowers and vegetables. This essay has clearly illustrated the factors that led to the development of the Atlantic Slave trade. Eventhough the political set up in Europe and Africa and the growth in plantations laid the foundation for the trade, it was the technological developments and social influences on the Europeans and Africans that took the trade to global heights. Overall, the technological improvements lowered transport, handling and shipping costs enabling the achievement of economies of scale. Similarly, the growing demand for goods from Europe in Africa, the growth in slave trading institutions and the decline in Americas’ population fostered the slave trade. Finally, the profitability from the trade influenced various groups of stakeholders to become intensely involved making it an international trade spanning four continents and altering their social, economic and political composition.

The eNotes Blog 5 Greek Love Myths and How to Apply Them toReality

5 Greek Love Myths and How to Apply Them toReality Though the Ancient Greeks didn’t celebrate Valentine’s Day, their myths are full of romance. Take a leaf out of their book this February 14th (or maybe don’t). 1. Apollo and Daphne: Don’t chase - it’ll work out better for everyone. Virtuous maiden Daphne was wandering around in the wilderness when the sun god Apollo showed up. He toppled head-over-heels in love, and she toppled head-over-heels trying to get away. He took off after her, and unfortunately for Daphne, she wasn’t winning. Instead of conceding defeat, at the last minute she asked her dad, a local river god, to turn her into a tree. Problem solved. Sort of. 2. Zeus and Io: Cheaters are cows - literally. One day Zeus took a fancy to the lovely mortal Io. Hera, the ever-suspicious wife of Zues, came down to investigate. In a burst of quick thinking, Zeus turned Io into a heifer (so as to be caught with a cow rather than a woman). Hera saw through this and asked for the cow as a present. Io was handed over and made to wander the deserts of the world mooing. So, ladies, no matter what he says, he’s never actually going to leave his wife- and you’ll probably end up a cow and have to trek all the way to Egypt before you finally get turned back into a human. 3. Echo and Narcissus: Some people just like to listen to themselves talk. Echo was a nymph with a problem. She couldn’t hold a conversation to save her life, probably because she couldn’t speak except to repeat the very last words that someone else had said. It’s not surprising she chose the self-absorbed Narcissus as the perfect partner, since he liked nothing better than to listen to himself talk. But it wasn’t to be. It turned out that Narcissus had rejected one too many suitors of his own, and the god of revenge made sure Narcissus learned a lesson: after falling hopelessly in love with his own unattainable reflection, Narcissus wasted away to nothing. Echo disappeared with him, leaving only her voice behind. 4. Orpheus and Eurydice: Have something good? Take it and run. Don’t look back. Picture a rockstar, but in Ancient Greece. Swap his guitar for a harp, leather pants for robes of white, and hair gel forwell, nothing. But you get the picture. That’s Orpheus. Things actually seemed to be going well for him and the lovely Eurydice, until she got bitten by a snake and that was it for her. Off to the Underworld. Orpheus, however, wasn’t going to take no for an answer. He finagled an audience with Hades and sang his way to a get-out-of-jail-free card for Eurydice. There was only one condition: he couldn’t look at her until he got her out of the realm of the dead. You can guess what happened. Back to the Underworld. He tried to sing her out again, but they’d already heard that tune. No luck for Orpheus. 5. Odysseus and Penelope: Don’t lose faith - he or she is still out there! Odysseus and Penelope fell in love and married. Ah, you think you see something bad coming, but you’re wrong. Well. Not entirely wrong. Odysseus did get drafted into the ten year Trojan War. And while he was gone Penelope did have to fend off an army of greedy suitors who wanted her hand in marriage. And it did take Odysseus ten extra years to get home. But they were reunited after twenty years and, after Odysseus slaughtered all Penelope’s suitors, they lived happily ever after.

John Ross essays

John Ross essays John Rosss Response to Jacksons Message to Congress In my nearly forty years as a Cherokee and an American, my eyes have seen much. I witnessed much brutality in the early years of the American frontier, as constant raids raged between the American Armies and Cherokees. I have had the benefit of an education comparable to that of my white counterparts in Washington, yet I have still kept a firm grasp on my native roots and heritage. In the long memory of my tribe, there has been pestilence, famine, oppression, loss of land, and war all due to the emergence of settlers and colonies. While these men and their ways have again and again mistreated our people, we have maintained a diplomatic stance and made many compromises with the peoples who brought such strife. President Jackson has typified us as savages and uncivilized, it is unfortunate that such a misjudgment of our society has occurred. As I have lived and experienced both worlds, that of the tribes and that of cities and towns, I am a witness that we are not savages. It is a si mple difficulty of perspective. As a culture based heavily on tradition and tribal life, Americans view us as a people without culture or civilization. This assumption is easy to make for outsiders, but it is the way we talk, hunt, dress, act, and socialize that makes our very society. The formation of our Cherokee Nation within the United States of Alabama and Georgia, was made necessary by the increasing erosion and oppression of our culture and land. It is not in defiance that we form such a sovereignty, but in defense of our culture and way of life. While it may appear to be a misjudgment to form such a state, it is in even poorer judgment to emigrate the entire Native population of the Southeastern United States west of the Mississippi. There is little justification given by the President for the removal of the tribes, and that which he offers as reason is in it self-faulty, contradic...

Definition and Examples of a Polar Bond in Chemistry

Definition and Examples of a Polar Bond in Chemistry Chemical bonds may be classified as being either polar or nonpolar. The difference is how the electrons in the bond are arranged. Polar Bond Definition A polar bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed. This causes the molecule to have a slight electrical dipole moment where one end is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative. The charge of the electric dipoles is less than a full unit charge, so they are considered partial charges and denoted by delta plus (ÃŽ ´) and delta minus (ÃŽ ´-). Because positive and negative charges are separated in the bond, molecules with polar covalent bonds interact with dipoles in other molecules. This produces dipole-dipole intermolecular forces between the molecules.Polar bonds are the dividing line between pure covalent bonding and pure ionic bonding. Pure covalent bonds (nonpolar covalent bonds) share electron pairs equally between atoms. Technically, nonpolar bonding only occurs when the atoms are identical to each other (e.g., H2 gas), but chemists consider any bond between atoms with a difference in electronegativity les s than 0.4 to be a nonpolar covalent bond. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are nonpolar molecules. In ionic bonds, the electrons in the bond are essentially donated to one atom by the other (e.g., NaCl). Ionic bonds form between atoms when the electronegativity difference between them is greater than 1.7. Technically ionic bonds are completely polar bonds, so the terminology can be confusing. Just remember a polar bond refers to a type of covalent bond where electrons arent equally shared and electronegativity values are slightly different. Polar covalent bonds form between atoms with an electronegativity difference between 0.4 and 1.7. Examples of Molecules with Polar Covalent Bonds Water (H2O) is a polar bonded molecule. The electronegativity value of oxygen is 3.44, while the electronegativity of hydrogen is 2.20. The inequality in electron distribution accounts for the bent shape of the molecule. The oxygen side of the molecule has a net negative charge, while the two hydrogen atoms (on the other side) have a net positive charge. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is another example of a molecule that has a polar covalent bond. Fluorine is the more electronegative atom, so the electrons in the bond are more closely associated with the fluorine atom than with the hydrogen atom. A dipole forms with the fluorine side having a net negative charge and the hydrogen side having a net positive charge. Hydrogen fluoride is a linear molecule because there are only two atoms, so no other geometry is possible. The ammonia molecule (NH3) has polar covalent bonds between the nitrogen and hydrogen atoms. The dipole is such that the nitrogen atom is more negatively charged, with the three hydrogen atoms all on one side of the nitrogen atom with a positive charge. Which Elements Form Polar Bonds? Polar covalent bonds form between two nonmetal atoms that have sufficiently different electronegativities from each other. Because the electronegativity values are slightly different, the bonding electron pair isnt equally shared between the atoms. For example, polar covalent bonds typically form between hydrogen and any other nonmetal. The electronegativity value between metals and nonmetals is large, so they form ionic bonds with each other.

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Employment Relations - Essay Example A few of the evidences such as CIPD (2011) provides a clear statement that there are very less organisations wherein the unions do not have any existence. It is also evidential that the labour unions have a high influence on the development of the business organisations. Justifiably, the trade unions have played a decisive role in the UK for developing the employment relationship with the help of introducing the procedure of collective bargaining and allowing the employers to design favourable policies for the employees (CIPD, 2011: 3-4). In an organization wherein both employers and unions are the part of work process, it can be stated that the employment relationship ensures successful running of business at large. With regards to the aforesaid subject, this essay is being prepared with an intention of gaining an insight about employment relationship, which prevails between the employers and the labour unions. The study has been conducted on this subject with reference to various literatures reviewed by different authors. In the conclusive part of the essay, a study has been made on the prevalence of employment relations in the organisations with unions and without the unions as well. Employment relationship, as mentioned in the earlier section is one of the prime aspects of every business organisation. In this similar context, it can be apparently observed that the unions have a significant role to play in building up of the employment relationship. For instance, as per the notion of Guest (2004: 542), employment relationship is considered as one of the wide framework of rights and responsibilities of both the employers and the employees towards forming a healthy relationship in order to reap significant benefits. Guest (2004: 542) also stated that in the ancient industrialization society of the UK and the USA, there was high prevalence of unionism in the majority of

Economics- Topic is on PIIGS or PIGS which refers to the economies of Research Paper

Economics- Topic is on PIIGS or PIGS which refers to the economies of portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain. Briefly explain the Piigs issue in regards to the world economy - Research Paper Example With these and several other multiplier challenges, the fate of the performance of these countries seems to be hanging on the balance. The following discourse attempts to expound on the global issues with regard to prospects of economic performance from the PIIGS countries. By virtue of being member states of the European Union that is economically unified by the Euro, PPIGS countries present a challenge not only to the eurozone but to the entire world. One of the factors making these countries to possess a critical role in world economics is therefore pegged to the fact that the Euro has grown to be an occupant of the top world currencies. According to Bercsten (7), Europe representation in world economy is directly proportional to the performance of the Euro in domestic economies which will in turn be extrapolated to a global impact. The author reckons that the position held by Europe with regard to world economic stage is very significant such that the developments in PIIGS ought to be a concern for any other economy remotely located out of Europe. According to Roubini (34), financial crises in the recent world economic occurrences can be predicted from the build up of economic vulnerabilities that the global economy was exposed to. In realization of the role played by political fortunes of a country to its prospects of economic survival, the author states that the political class ought to handle financial policies as if they did that to the entire world. The author reckons that the political interventions undertaken to cool down the PIIGS economic turmoil might not offer the appropriate solution to the entire world economy. By likening the economic crisis in PIIGS to a disease, Roubini (34) predicts that the intervention might prove to be a dangerous precedent set for the global economy by stating that the drug prescribed is toxic and

Commercial Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Commercial Property Law - Essay Example Any conflict between the parties shall be resolved in consonance with the tenor of the contract, the spirit and letter of the relevant laws as well as applying common law principles and judicial interpretation rendered by courts or tribunals on similar issues. The interpretation of the parties’ rights and obligation in contractual relationships vary and oftentimes the interest of one party may cloud its judgment thus it is important that independent minds should offer impartial opinions to aid the parties in making informed decisions. It is in this context that our firm was commissioned by Tomes Limited (Tomes) to evaluate its standing in a leasehold agreement whether its posturing against the landlord is valid. The account was assigned to me for appropriate action. II. Factual Background The leasehold contract over an Old Victorian Townhouse was constituted on 1 April 1997 for a period of twenty five years where rent review shall be made at the end of the 5th, 10th and 15th y ears of the term provided that such intention is communicated to the tenant within the 5th, 10th and 15th years. The break clause option is available to either party provided that notice shall be given to the other party during the first six months of the 15th year. The leasehold states that the â€Å"tenant shall put and keep the premises in tenantable repair to include the decorations, wall-surfaces, window frames, glazing, and casements.† The Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 shall be applicable as no effort to exclude its operation was undertaken by the parties. Tomes assumed the lease three years ago and utilizes the demised premises as a book shop—an activity which is not prohibited by the user clause. Its peaceful occupation of the demised properly was interrupted when the landlord demanded that Tomes undertake repair on the cracks in the corners of and right across all the ceilings after a structural inspection revealed that cracking has been caused by flexion of fl oor joists induced by the load imposed by book shelves. The engineer who conducted the structural investigation concluded that the joists may not have been permanently damaged by the load but nonetheless recommends the installation of steel reinforcement of the joists in the floor voids along with load reduction as the upper floors are not particularly well suited to the demands of book storage. III. The Opposing Views The controversy escalated when the landlord insisted that the reinforcement works as recommended by the engineer should be executed by Tomes pursuant to the repairing covenant and its obligation to repair any damage to the demised premises caused by it. The landlord further argues that without the works, the premises cannot properly be used as a book shop. Tomes disagrees claiming that the repairing covenant covers only cosmetic facade and the installation of steel reinforcement cannot be characterized simply as a cosmetic enhancement but one that requires structural repair. Tomes further refuted the move of the landlord for rent review as the review was not timely initiated within the period specified in the leasehold thus estoppel set in. Tomes suspects that the persistence of the landlord to ascribe fault against it is brought about by his recent acquisition of the controlling share in Volumes Limited (Volumes for brevity), a specialist book-seller which needs new retail premises. It would appear that the landlord wants to get Tomes out of the way to install Volumes in the premises

Article abstract assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article abstract assignments - Essay Example In addition, the author uses the empirical studies to ascertain his conclusion on league variations in terms of competitive balance. Notably, lee identifies the effect of, open and closed leagues, intra-seasonal and inter-seasonal measures, and winning percentages aspects on competitive balance. Lee’s methodologies have successfully proved the parity effects of the 1193. Critical assessment of the author on other research and studies appreciates the effect of the 1993 Collective Bargain Agreement for its contributions towards a competitive balance. National football league commitments have led to inter-frachise balance. Although a number of factors are related to competitive balance, CBA triggered an increase in competitive balance. Lee’s review distinguish the different levels of competitive balance in the leagues The author explains the different aspects and factors affecting variations in performance and competitive balance, but used probability analysis in some parts instead of facts. However, there are drawbacks of the report by lee. One of the drawbacks is that the empirical method used arbitrary teams, which might have distorted the overall results owing to the fact that different teams differ in terms of rules and regulation not included on the review. Second, the author should have incorporated and compared other Football league associations to come into concise conclusions regarding competitive balance in NFL aster the 1993

Behaviours and Responsibilities for Males and Females Essay

Behaviours and Responsibilities for Males and Females - Essay Example Personally, many of the things taught at home from the moment I was still young like how a man and a woman should act themselves in the society. Parents from the past are strongly adhering to the rules about gender, especially the religious ones for they tend to educate their children based on how their culture dictates the necessary things to do. For example, the culture in the past taught men and women that marriage should be for a man and a woman. There must be no such thing as marriage for same sex. However, this perspective has changed over time. Teaching about the things telling us that there should be no sexual relationship between people of the same sex was explicit to me. Nowadays, many of the people who claimed to be homosexuals may think that the rule in the past about marriage sounds unfair on their part. This is the reason why many of them nowadays are trying to establish another rule that would be able to give them freedom for their desire and so on. At some point, the rules in the past taught me how I should establish my life today. There are some consequences in being part of this rule, because after all, I found that I am being part of the society as a whole, where it matters a lot how the society defines what is good and what is bad. As an adult, it is easy now to understand what is good and bad, and to be explicit about it, there are some things that the society is trying to establish in each of us, but defying them would make someone deviant at some point. This is the reality of life. That is why, at some point, for as long as there is no harm that it can contribute to the society, being deviant, defying what is norm, makes me sometimes free to express myself at some point. That is my individuality, making me unique and someone different from the rest.

Article abstract assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article abstract assignments - Essay Example In addition, the author uses the empirical studies to ascertain his conclusion on league variations in terms of competitive balance. Notably, lee identifies the effect of, open and closed leagues, intra-seasonal and inter-seasonal measures, and winning percentages aspects on competitive balance. Lee’s methodologies have successfully proved the parity effects of the 1193. Critical assessment of the author on other research and studies appreciates the effect of the 1993 Collective Bargain Agreement for its contributions towards a competitive balance. National football league commitments have led to inter-frachise balance. Although a number of factors are related to competitive balance, CBA triggered an increase in competitive balance. Lee’s review distinguish the different levels of competitive balance in the leagues The author explains the different aspects and factors affecting variations in performance and competitive balance, but used probability analysis in some parts instead of facts. However, there are drawbacks of the report by lee. One of the drawbacks is that the empirical method used arbitrary teams, which might have distorted the overall results owing to the fact that different teams differ in terms of rules and regulation not included on the review. Second, the author should have incorporated and compared other Football league associations to come into concise conclusions regarding competitive balance in NFL aster the 1993

Public Relations Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Relations Project - Essay Example is necessary to develop drug abuse prevention awareness among the use, so that students can identify the dangers and impacts of drug abuse in their health and success. As the Public Relations staffer, I was hired by a non-profit organization to develop a broad communication plan in support of working to reduce smoking, especially among high school students, through our group, Stamp Out Smoking. The development of the communication plan usually starts with the assessment of smoking and other adolescent problems, which include examining the level of community risk factors, and the level of smoking in the community (Crano & Burgoon 145). The assessment results are used to raise community awareness of the seriousness and nature of smoking problem, and this information is used to determine the best program that is relevant to the students’ needs. The next step is the analysis of the student’s readiness for prevention. This helps in identifying further steps that are required to lecture the students before the beginning of the prevention effort. The final step involves holding meetings with teachers and student representatives to help implement and maintain research-based programs (Crano & Burgoon 145). This requires resource development for management and staffing with the existing delivery systems. This plan identifies information dissemination as the most effective communication method for creating drug prevention awareness among the high school students. This approach attempts to communicate the dangers of drug abuse by using a fear-arousal technique designs to frighten individuals and attract attention in to not using drugs, including the dangerous impacts of drug abuse on an individual’s health (Crano & Burgoon 259). The information approaches involve classroom lectures about the negative impacts of smoking, including printed materials, short films, and educational pamphlets, which imparts information to the youths about the dangers of smoking. This

The Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

The Middle Ages Essay The continued existence of the open-minded art in the Middle Ages was present because they were utilized in monasteries as an introductory educating assistance for the comprehending of the Bible. Thus they comprised the basis of educating in the monastic schools which were thriving in monasteries. Till the 12 century only the organizations that proposed a normal and entire education existed. In the monastic scriptoria they made the copies of the creations of famous writers and Church Fathers, applied for learning and consideration; this textual copy was a genuine work. The closed monasteries performed a key function in safeguarding and conveying texts throughout the most complicated Middle Ages periods. On the foundation of this pattern, a system of schools were evolved during couple of decades focused on the formation of regal and church officials and in which more time was devoted to educating than in the customary monastic schools. Due to the prestigious expert’s involvement in some of such schools, an inclination to focus on the diverse fields of educating began to appear (Elmer 1965). Question 2. The educational progress in the Middle Ages was very productive. Grammar included the learning of Latin dialect and writing. Dialectic was a mandatory subject. Rhetoric included the basics of regulation, in addition to creating prose and poetry. Geometry encompassed the learning of Euclid, as well as, geography and natural history. Arithmetic used Roman figures and with the account of the calendar. Music had the directions of the plain-song of the Church, idea of resonance, and the learning of synchronization. Astronomy, in addition to considering the divine bodies, encompassed physics and chemistry. And all the material for this subjects teaching was taken from the textbooks, written in very ancient times (Elmer 1965).. Question 3 The Socratic Method or Socratic Debate) is a pattern of theoretical query in which the questioner researches the significances of other people opinions, to motivate reasonable conceiving and clarify the thoughts. This dialectical approach usually engages an oppositional conversation in which the protector of one perspective is fighting with the protector of another; one person can lead another to oppose himself in some way, reinforcing the inquirers position. The expression Socratic Questioning is applied to recount a kind of inquiring in which an initial inquiry is answered as if it were a reply. This makes the first correspondent to create a new inquiry in light of the advancement of the dialogue (Elmer 1965).. Question 4 The influence of Greece was revealed very early in Roman learning and even became more powerful after the long sequence of profits. The Romans exposure was rapid, because they very quickly understood the benefits they could have from this more developed nation, more affluent than their own civilization. Being realistic, Romans realized the benefits to be received from a science of Greek, a worldwide dialect renowned to numerous of their adversaries, and grasped the associated significance of managing the art of oratory so greatly evolved in Greece (Elmer 1965).. Question 5 The political structure of Rome always was republican, thus all regulations were passed and all the officials chosen by a ballot of all the people. The standard of representation, nevertheless was obscure to the Romans. All regulations were passed, and all officials appointed, at so-called mass gathering of all the people. The nonexistence of bulletins, furthermore, made a distinct distinction between age-old and current political situation. Discussion and public locations were the only means of disseminating political ideas. Clearly, with this, public talking regime, that even nowadays has a distinctive effectiveness in state activities, should have been far more effective as a political tool than nowadays. The political success was impossible to be reached without rhetoric skills. Thus the need in creating special oratory and rhetoric school was great (Elmer 1965).. Question 6 Athens: Speaking about the boys, schools educated in reading, composing and arithmetic, melodies, verse, games and gymnastics. Depending on the position of the family, the period of learning was from of 5 to 14 years old, for the richer 5 18 and at times to learners’ twenties in an academy where they were allowed to learn philosophy, moral code, and oratory. Lastly, the civilian young men went into a military preparation where they studied for a couple of years, until the age of twenty. Overseas slaves were not allowed to get any thing except an elementary education in Greece. Girls obtained little education (except possibly in the aristocrats houses through private teachers); they were usually sitting at home and had no political influence. The learning of a young female engaged only something needed to be done about the house (Elmer 1965).. In Sparta little boys started their military education very early at the age of seven. They were only give a cloak no footwear or other apparel, and not sufficient nourishment in order to make them enduring. At age of twenty they were put into higher positions in the army. To age of thirty they were devoted to the country; then they were allowed to have a family. They learned to dance, read and compose, however athletics battle skills were the most important. Girls at age 7 were taught to read, compose, as well as gymnastics and endurance. In contrast to Athens, could take part in sports and were treated better (Elmer 1965).. In Rome, all children were also taught rhetoric, composing and mathematics. Boys in addition were taught battling and agriculture, and girls to cook food and sew. When Rome adopted Greek heritage, they also included Greek philosophy. Students learned texts Greek oratory, argument and science. Not all the children could have an education in Rome. Many of them learned just some fundamentals of reading and mathematics. Some girls were allowed to continue their education together with boys (Elmer 1965).. Question 7 One of the prime joining components of the Jewish belief, in detail, appears to be its focus on ritualized formal procedure for profoundly heritage events for example anniversaries, weddings and memorial services. Thus the Hebrew tradition is very much alike Eastern customs for instance Hinduism and some currents of Buddhism, that similarly de- highlight authorized conviction schemes supporting solid, and often complicated and highly focused, heritage behaviors, peculiarities and activities. The Hebrew effect on Western heritage, thus, is at one time well renowned and all-encompassing. Hebrew tradition highlights the significance of chronicled activities. When Jewish could not sustain an appropriate moral and principled stability among themselves and their surroundings, they allegedly bear exile, slavery and other communal and political troubles. Thus moral unity inside of the state and with their neighbors usually appears more important than strong armed force (Elmer 1965).. Question 8. Early Christian otherworldly schools had a purpose to recognize a two-sided magical custom coming from Judaism and Christianity throughout their determining years. As Judaism and Christianity are considered to be the signs of Second Temple Judaism, the beliefs that evolved concurrently inside analogous chronicled contextures, the mystic custom maintained in their writing is correctly distinguished as demonstration of Jewish and Christian religiousness in the Hellenistic and Roman periods (Elmer 1965).. Question 9 The early Christians were natural foes of the Greek culture. They came from idols to a church, and all of them had some of displeasure or even abhorrence to the customary polytheism. Moreover. TheChristians had the task to discourse the gospel to all countries, and so alter the idol Gentiles. The cathedrals were thus inevitably opposed to the Olympians and to all of their expression in art (Elmer 1965).. Question 10 Two establishmentsthe church and the monasterywere the places of education in the early Middle Ages. Monasteries represent the groups of men called monks, who refused from the natural life to pray and please God through devotion and work. The monks and the priests of the churches assisted extend the Latin reading and composing, and conserved numerous precious old documents for us. They furthermore organized most of the European schools(Elmer 1965).. Sources Elmer H. Wilds Kenneth V. Lottich eds. (1965). The Foundations of Modem Education. New. York: Holt. Rinehart and Winston

Why Should You Recycle English Language Essay

Why Should You Recycle English Language Essay A very good morning to Mr. Mariapan and fellow friends. Before I start my speech, I would like to ask all of you a question: Do you hear that our mother earth is crying? Perhaps you would say no, but please take a look at these pictures. She is crying because the air has been polluted by industrial smoke; she is crying because of global warming; she is crying because of contaminated water; she is crying because you are unconcerned about her pain. Well, we can save this world, but it is not like a superhero using some extraordinary superpower to heal this world. That is impossible. In fact, your mission is very simple and easy and everyone can do it! Do you want to save this world? Then, lets get recycling. What is recycling? It is defined processing used materials and waste into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials. Then, why It is so important? Firstly, we face a large problem with trash build up on our Earth and recycling saves space in landfills. -Solely focusing on Malaysia, we produce 19,000 tones of waste every day, and a majority of that ends up in landfills. 19,000 tones, can you imagine that? 19,000 tones, if you piled it all up it would be as high as 36 Petronas Twin Towers. Malaysia currently has 230 landfill sites and 80% of them will reach capacity within the next two years. Soon, there is going to be a big problem as landfills cause serious pollution. For example, from the picture, we notice that landfills are associated with air pollution, water pollution, land pollution as well as green house effect. -Therefore, to manage the growing volume of solid waste it is necessary to turn to alternative methods such as recycling. If landfills fill up we have to find new space for new landfills. If that happens, you better pray that the new landfills wont build behind your houses backyard. So, lets get recycling. Secondly, recycling saves energy and natural resources. -Most of the things in a trash bag can be reclaimed through recycling. For instances, paper, metal, plastics and glass. By using materials more than once, we conserve natural resources ensuring our childrens futures. -Next, I have some interesting facts here to share with all of you (1) 1 ton of recycled paper saves 17 trees about 35 feet tall. Recycling 1 stack of newspapers 6 feet tall saves the life of one 35 feet tree. (2) 1 recycled tin can would save enough energy to power a television for 3 hours. (3) 1 recycled plastic bottle would save enough energy to power a 60-watt light bulb for 3 hours. -Obviously, recycling saves natural resources by reducing the need for raw energy and save energy as it often takes less energy to make products from recycled material than raw material. Therefore, lets get recycling. Thirdly, recycling can save money and create job opportunities. -Our former prime minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, said this in an environmental conference. He said: Currently, our country needs to spend RM 400 mil just to manage these waste and Just by recycling as much as 22% of the 5 million tones of waste produced each year could save the government RM 88 mill a year. -Besides that, recycling can make money as well. As we know, humans are selfish by nature; most of the people might pay no heed to the importance I mentioned earlier and when you ask them to contribute a little effort on recycling, they might just simply answer you; It is none of my business. Yet, when I link money with recycling, it definitely can arouse interest among public. -Well, you can make money by turning your trash into extra cash. For example, you can sell your trash in many recycling centers. You can trade in your paper, aluminum and other object that is capable of being recycled for cash. Even though the pay off is small, but money is still money and it is so shiny that makes everyone loves it. -Next, recycling creates jobs and you cant deny it. Recycling creates up to 5 times more jobs than waste disposal alone. It will create jobs for engineers, machine specialists, environmental personnel, general workers and many more. In North Carolina, on 2004, recycling employs approximately 14 000 people across the state and this has increased 60% in ten years. Also, the number of companies listed in the states recycling markets directory has increased 74% in 10 years. As we know, todays global economic crisis means that it is so hard to find a job. Who knows in the future one of our friends or even I might work in recycling field to earn a livelihood. Indeed, recycling can save money and creates m ore job opportunities. So, lets get recycling. Well, I had talking a lot of importance of recycling and now Im going to tell you what you can do to save this environment. Your recycling mission is not impossible! In fact, it is very simple Recycling at home -Make space next to your bin for a recycling container. Then, it is as simple to recycle as it is to throw it away. For families that cannot afford a recycling container, dont worry, just sort the wastes properly. Waste sorting is the process by which waste is separated into different elements. For example, separate your waste into paper, metal and glass and then visit nearby recycling centre to turn your rubbish into cash. -Here is a list of things that you should always recycle. Surprisingly, we notice that almost everything can be recycled. Recycling at school -As we know, paper is the main form of waste produced by schools. If possible, Set up a paper collection scheme for each classroom or request the school administrator to provide paper recycling bin. if you are enthusiastic enough, inform your friends about the advantages of recycling and try to persuade them to get involved in recycling. -Furthermore, you can organize some educational programs through posters, web page, e-mail and student orientation. Well, I know that not everyone is so enthusiastic yet I will glad and appreciate when I see you throw the rubbish into the recycle bins. Last but not least, be a green consumer. a green consumer is someone who is very concerned about the environment and, therefore, only purchases products that are environmentally-friendly or eco-friendly. -For example, you should purchase products that are recyclable, buy products that are made from recycled material and avoid purchasing hazardous materials which is hard to recycle. Now, I want you to ask yourself, why dont you recycle more often? Well, I had told you the benefits of recycling it is extremely easy to recycle. I think most of you dont want a landfill is built behind your houses back yard. Also, I hope you dont just sit by and watch our mother Earth turn into a ball of trash. Lastly, I want to end my speech with a quotation When we heal the earth, we heal ourselves. So, what are you waiting for? Lets get recycling! Well, thats all from me. Thank you.

Analysis of Shakespeares The Tempest - Racism :: free essay writer

Racism in The Tempest One manifestation of racism that Cesaire surfaces is the proliferation of negative Black stereotypes. Cesaire uses Prospero to expose the feeble, racist stereotypes many Whites propagate about Blacks. Prospero, presenting a common White opinion, says to Caliban, "It [Caliban's living quarters] wouldn't be such a ghetto if you took the trouble to keep it clean" (13). Such a statement is clearly racist and plays into the stereotypes many Whites have about Blacks (i.e., they are lazy and dirty). These stereotypes are White lies. The cleanliness of a residence has very little to do with whether it is a ghetto or not. Also, Prospero's stereotypical response puts the blame on Blacks for problems that were ultimately created by European colonization and the subsequent employment of Africans as slaves. Furthermore, it can he argued that Whites are the lazy race because they are the ones who initiated African slave labor. Another stereotype that Whites often impose on Blacks has to do with a Black man's supposed desire to have sex with White women. Cesaire addresses this issue when Prospero accuses Caliban of trying to rape his daughter(l3). Cesaire is pointing out a classic case of White male guilt projection. History has clearly shown that more White men, supposedly pious slave owners in particular, have taken advantage of Black women, than Black males have of White women. The historical White power structures in America have facilitated the circumstances that have made this kind of sexual exploitation of Black women possible. By using Prospero to accuse Caliban of laziness and sexual impropriety, Cesaire poignantly reveals: the hypocrisy of Whites. Another manifestation of racism that Cesaire draws to our attention is the woefully inadequate educational opportunities that exist for Blacks in America Caliban indicts Prospero when he says, "as for your learning, did you ever impart any of that to me? No, you took care not to. All of your science you keep for yourself alone, shut up in those big books" (12) While such a statement is historically accurate in the sense that Whites sought to keep Black slaves uneducated so that it would be easier to manipulate them, the statement also addresses the more subtle, but no less evil, form of educational racism that still exists to this day. Jonathan Kozol paints a graphic picture of degrading squalor when it comes

AIDS & progres

Although progress has been in treating HIV infection and AIDS, the epidemic remains a critical public health issue in all communities across the country and around the world.Prevention, early detection, and ongoing treatment remain important aspects of care for people with HIV infections and AIDS.Nurses in all settings encounter people with this disease; thus, nurses need an understanding of the disorder, knowledge of the physical and psychological consequences associated with the diagnosis, and expert assessment and clinical management skills to provide optimal care for people with HIV infection and AIDS.In 1987, just 6 years after the first cases of AIDS were reported, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first antiretroviral agent; in 1988nthe first randomized controlled trial of primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia appeared in the literature; and in 1995 protease inhibitors joined the growing number of antiretroviral agents.Improved treatment of HIV and AIDS has resulted in increased survival times; in 1996, 1997, and 1998, age-adjusted death rates fell 29%, 48%, and 21%, respectively.II. BackgroundSince acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized more than 20 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with HIV infection.During the first decade, this progress was associated with recognition of opportunistic disease processes, more effective therapy for complications, and introduction of prophylaxis against common opportunistic infections (OIs).The second decade has witnessed progress in developing highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as well as continuing progress in treating OIs (Letvin, Bloom & Hoffman, 2001).Since the HIV serologic test (enzyme immunoassay [EIA], formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ALISHA], became available in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection before onset of symptoms, HIV infection has been b est managed as a chronic disease   and most appropriately managed in an outpatient care setting (Gallant, 2001).A. EpidemiologyIn fall 1982, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a case definition of AIDS after the first 100 cases were reported. Since then, the CDC has revised the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993).All 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in free association with the United States report AIDS cases to the CDC using a uniform surveillance case definition and case report from (CDC, 2002).Starting in the late 1990s, more states started to implement HIV case reporting in response to the changing epidemic and the need for information on persons with HIV infection who have not developed AIDS.As of December 2001, there were 816,149 reported cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the United States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) living with AIDS. Unprotected sex and sharing of injection drug use equipment are the major means of transmission of HIV.A total of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure category of men who have sex with men; 24% in injection drug use; and 7% in heterosexual contact.In women diagnosed with AIDS during that same period, 44% reported injection drug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing race/ethnicity amount the three largest groups diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002).The number of people living with AIDS is not evenly distributed throughout the United States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were New York (7,476), Florida (5,138), California (4,315), Texas (2,892), and Maryland (1,860) (CDC, 2002).AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in some other parts of the world. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV /AIDS, more than 18.3 million people worldwide have died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are infected with HIV, with 5.4 million people newly infected with HIV in 1999 alone (Letvin, Bloom & Hoffman, 2001).UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, making it the most devastating disease ever.The earliest confirmed case of HIV infection was found in blood drawn from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003). Although factors associated with the spread of HIV in Africa in the 1960s; however, social changes such as easier access to transportation, increasing population density, and more frequent sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003).III. DiscussionA. SymptomsTreatment of specific manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS in the person with advanced disease targets symptoms. Patients with HIV/AIDS experience a number of symptoms related to the disease as well as the effects of treatment. Som e of the vivid symptoms are as follows:Respiratory Manifestation. Shortness of breath, dyspnea (labored breathing), cough, chest pain, and fever associated with various OIs, such as those caused by Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, CMV, and Legionella species.The most common infection in people with AIDS is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), one of the first OIs described in association with AIDS.PCP. PCP is the most common OIs resulting in an AIDS diagnosis. Without prophylactic therapy, PCP will develop in 80% of all HIV-infected individuals. P. carinii was originally classified as a protozoan; however, studies and analysis of its ribosomal RNA structure suggest that it is a fungus.Its structure and antimicrobial sensitivity are very different from other disease-causing fungi. P. carinii causes disease only in immunocompromised hosts, invading and proliferating within the pulmonary alveoli with resultant consolidation of the pulmonary parenchyma.

Modern Technology: Crippling Minds, Spreading Inefficiency Essay

It is quite common to hear people claim that technological advancements have brought forth positive and beneficial changes to society and even the world. However, despite the truthfulness of such a statement in certain aspects, it still cannot be refuted that modern technology is also a source of numerous problems and concerns which may not necessarily be easily identified by all. Presently, the over reliance of individuals in modern technology have brought forth detrimental changes both to human intelligence and even the efficiency in which the simplest of tasks are accomplished. In relation to this, it would be appropriate to state that modern technology is similar to a fatal disease which is slowly affecting the whole population without being noticed, until probably it is already too late; hence, modern technology may certainly be likened to cancer. Like such a diseases, treatment would only become possible after its presence is proven and acknowledged. In this sense, arguing that such a problem exists is definitely a worthwhile endeavor. Without a doubt, modern technology is the root of degrading mental capability as well as unnecessary inefficiency in the present-day global society. As noted beforehand, one of the most concerning effects of modern technology upon individuals is that intelligence becomes compromised in an ensuing manner. As a matter of fact, it would not be difficult to locate signs of intellectual shortcomings even in the most commonly used facets of technology. To further expound, e-mails are an excellent source if one would attempt to find a myriad of grammatical mistakes as well as other mishaps in writing despite the fact that correcting such mistakes is undeniably easy to accomplish (Shostak). Indeed, even the most commonly used, yet supposedly of vital significance, manifestations of technology in modern times are indicative of the presence of the aforementioned concerns. It is becoming a symbol which represents the deterioration of human intellect in an inconspicuous manner. While not many would realize the detrimental effects of such forms of modern technology upon their minds, there are those who are becoming aware of the problem. As Carr notes in an article, pertaining to his focus in reading, his â€Å"concentration often starts to drift after two to three pages† (Carr). It is true that some tasks may now be completed in a faster manner due to the emergence of the Web. Nonetheless, once again, human intelligence has been compromised due to its presence. To further expound, while pursuits such as writing and research have become easier to accomplish, one’s capability to focus on endeavors which require more effort becomes compromised due to an excessive dependence upon means in which the challenges in tasks are minimized (Carr). In general, modern technology has become the most significant reason as to why individuals are becoming increasingly lazy (DeGeneres 638). Without a doubt, it is appropriate to claim that the trend in modern technology, which is to make life as easy as possible, have become a distinct way through which laziness and dependence are both furthered considerably. As a matter of fact, an in-depth pursuit to personally reflect on such matters would not be necessary to account for the truthfulness of the abovementioned claims; reminiscing for a short duration of how life was a decade ago would suffice in making one realize the extent in which such problems brought forth from modern technology have changed the means through which individuals allocated effort even in the simplest responsibilities. While it is true that some tasks became easier to complete, it is also irrefutable that the simplest of activities became unnecessarily difficult; inefficiency has been caused by modern technology despite the fact that it is supposedly driven by the need to further enhance efficiency. To further explain, the way in which products are packaged is an ideal example of how inefficient certain simple tasks have become. Specifically, countless lengths of time are wasted as one faces difficulty in opening compact discs, batteries, and even scissors due to the unexplainable amount of protection provided by the manner in which such items are packaged (DeGeneres 639). In addition, the e-mail while in part invented for a more efficient approach in exchanging textual information have also led to inefficiency as the number of mails one receives does not always require a thorough read or even an appropriate response (Shostak). Definitely, the statements above are real-world examples of how modern technology has also become detrimental to the attempt of individuals to accomplish more with minimal requirements in both time and effort. As a matter of fact, modern technology may not have properly accomplish either of such goals as some of the most common faults of individuals, such as tardiness, have still remained existent throughout the years (Carr). Throughout the discussion, the existence of an undeniable source of detrimental repercussions for humanity has been proven. Modern technology is certainly not exclusive of negative aspects. While the detrimental effects of technology are usually discussed in relation to environmental concerns such as pollution and the destruction of nature, it must be kept in mind that such destruction may also be brought forth by modern technology upon humanity. Crippling the intellectual capability of current generation and of course the generations yet to come, is definitely an effect of modern technology which warrants undivided attention. Furthermore, individuals should realize that not all the benefits of technology are all-encompassing; certain aspects such as efficiency have in part suffered due to the presence of misguided advances for the simplest of task. While modern technology may still be the key to solving some of the most pressing concerns worldwide, it is necessary that humanity’s focus upon the pace and direction of technological progress be evaluated. In attempting to provide and demand continuous progress in technology, individuals must also reflect and assess as to whether humanity is also experiencing progress from a holistic standpoint. Works Cited Carr, Nicholas. Is Google Making Us Stupid?. The Atlantic, Jul/Aug 2008. Web. 14 May 2010. Degeneres, Ellen. This is How We Live. Course Document, pp. 638 – 642. Shostak, Seth. You Call This Progress?. Newsweek, 18 Jan 1999. Web. 14 May 2010.

Are Women Better Listeners Than Men?

a. I think women are better listeners than men Pro:  ·Women give advice from their own experiences  ·Listen intently  ·Women are compassionate  ·Women are supportive  · Want to know all the facts Con:  ·They talk way too much about one thing  ·Have a tendency to act all-knowing  ·Annoying at times  ·Show more emotion than what is needed  ·Are gossipers b. Capital punishment is no deterrent to crime Pro:  ·Zero percent chance they'll kill again  ·Not supporting a criminal in jail for a lifetime  ·Wont get on parole and commit their crimes again  ·Discouragement of crime  · Closure for the surviving victims/loved onesCon:  ·Life without parole means the prisoner is taken off the streets for good  ·Execution is expensive  ·Innocent people may die  ·Killing the killer doesn't make the government any better  ·Poor peole don't have the income to get good defense c. â€Å"Hard† sciences such as math are more difficult than â€Å"soft† sc iences such as sociology Pro:  ·More prepared for life situations  ·Fewer people are good at â€Å"hard† sciences in comparison to â€Å"soft† sciences  ·Larger expansion of knowledge  ·Being accurate  ·Ã¢â‚¬ hard† sciences are usually less intuitively understandable than â€Å"soft† sciences Con: Missing job opportunities because less knowledge of each type of science  ·Many â€Å"soft† sciences like sociology are based on observations, which, while making them seem simple, in reality makes the process of research quite difficult  ·there is no objective ground for differentiation, only inclinations of different people d. The production and sale of cigarettes must be outlawed for the health of the American public. Pro:  ·Decreased number of smokers  ·Toxic levels of chemicals found in cigarettes and in medications (Theophylline)  ·Stop underage smokers  ·Stop some littering  ·Saves consumers money Con:  ·losing jobs for al l the cigarette makers find alternate bad habits  ·State losing too much money because of the amount of money cigarette sales bring in e. The university should reduce tuition for those students who maintained an A average during the previous year. Pro:  ·It motivates students  ·The costs will be repaid for the university by the growth of its reputation  ·It makes sense from the economic point of view if we view knowledge as the product supplied by the university Con:  ·It may cause tensions between students  ·Grades do not always reflect the real level of knowledge f. ROTC should be made available to all students in U. S. colleges and universities Pro: It increases the possibility of choice for students  ·It allows for simultaneous civil and military study  ·It helps test ones prospective path in life g. The majority of American people support prayer in school Religion is an integral part of life for many Con:  ·religion is a matter of individual choice  ·this ma tter is bound to cause a lot of controversy  ·if given an opportunity, various religious groups would compete for support of their particular prayer Dialogue Women appear to be better listeners than men because they're naturally compassionate, and they have a built-in nurturing spirit that makes them feel like they're born counselors.They're focused on what's being said because they want to know all the fine details, whereas men are primarily â€Å"head-liners† meaning they just want you to get right to the point-â€Å"just say it†. Men don't seem to have the patience that women have when it comes to listening; they're moved by what they see, t whereas women are moved by what they hear. Men are usually of few words, and they expect you to read in-between those few words to see exactly what it is they're trying to say.This is their way of saying that they're really listening and they really care. I feel the one thing that women should not do is over-dramatize, becomin g very emotional, which can sometimes be viewed as a turn-off, even though it's a part of their nature. I can't actually say that women are better listeners than men, they just seem like it since they use more words, and relate from their own life experiences, which makes the person speaking feel as though that woman is really paying attention to what's being said. Are Women Better Listeners Than Men? a. I think women are better listeners than men Pro:  ·Women give advice from their own experiences  ·Listen intently  ·Women are compassionate  ·Women are supportive  · Want to know all the facts Con:  ·They talk way too much about one thing  ·Have a tendency to act all-knowing  ·Annoying at times  ·Show more emotion than what is needed  ·Are gossipers b. Capital punishment is no deterrent to crime Pro:  ·Zero percent chance they'll kill again  ·Not supporting a criminal in jail for a lifetime  ·Wont get on parole and commit their crimes again  ·Discouragement of crime  · Closure for the surviving victims/loved onesCon:  ·Life without parole means the prisoner is taken off the streets for good  ·Execution is expensive  ·Innocent people may die  ·Killing the killer doesn't make the government any better  ·Poor peole don't have the income to get good defense c. â€Å"Hard† sciences such as math are more difficult than â€Å"soft† sc iences such as sociology Pro:  ·More prepared for life situations  ·Fewer people are good at â€Å"hard† sciences in comparison to â€Å"soft† sciences  ·Larger expansion of knowledge  ·Being accurate  ·Ã¢â‚¬ hard† sciences are usually less intuitively understandable than â€Å"soft† sciences Con: Missing job opportunities because less knowledge of each type of science  ·Many â€Å"soft† sciences like sociology are based on observations, which, while making them seem simple, in reality makes the process of research quite difficult  ·there is no objective ground for differentiation, only inclinations of different people d. The production and sale of cigarettes must be outlawed for the health of the American public. Pro:  ·Decreased number of smokers  ·Toxic levels of chemicals found in cigarettes and in medications (Theophylline)  ·Stop underage smokers  ·Stop some littering  ·Saves consumers money Con:  ·losing jobs for al l the cigarette makers find alternate bad habits  ·State losing too much money because of the amount of money cigarette sales bring in e. The university should reduce tuition for those students who maintained an A average during the previous year. Pro:  ·It motivates students  ·The costs will be repaid for the university by the growth of its reputation  ·It makes sense from the economic point of view if we view knowledge as the product supplied by the university Con:  ·It may cause tensions between students  ·Grades do not always reflect the real level of knowledge f. ROTC should be made available to all students in U. S. colleges and universities Pro: It increases the possibility of choice for students  ·It allows for simultaneous civil and military study  ·It helps test ones prospective path in life g. The majority of American people support prayer in school Religion is an integral part of life for many Con:  ·religion is a matter of individual choice  ·this ma tter is bound to cause a lot of controversy  ·if given an opportunity, various religious groups would compete for support of their particular prayer Dialogue Women appear to be better listeners than men because they're naturally compassionate, and they have a built-in nurturing spirit that makes them feel like they're born counselors.They're focused on what's being said because they want to know all the fine details, whereas men are primarily â€Å"head-liners† meaning they just want you to get right to the point-â€Å"just say it†. Men don't seem to have the patience that women have when it comes to listening; they're moved by what they see, t whereas women are moved by what they hear. Men are usually of few words, and they expect you to read in-between those few words to see exactly what it is they're trying to say.This is their way of saying that they're really listening and they really care. I feel the one thing that women should not do is over-dramatize, becomin g very emotional, which can sometimes be viewed as a turn-off, even though it's a part of their nature. I can't actually say that women are better listeners than men, they just seem like it since they use more words, and relate from their own life experiences, which makes the person speaking feel as though that woman is really paying attention to what's being said.