tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13348061812653804062024-03-12T19:27:05.184-07:00Why use mla formatLaurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.comBlogger245125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-57161150666151033122020-08-27T20:50:00.001-07:002020-08-27T20:50:04.349-07:00Galileo 2 Essay Research Paper GalileoGalileo 15641642 free essay sampleGalileo 2 Essay, Research Paper Galileo Galileo ( 1564-1642 ) , was an Italian physicist and uranologist, who, with the German uranologist Johannes Kepler, started the logical upheaval that bloomed in crafted by the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton. Conceived Galileo Galilei, his central parts were, in uranology, the use of the telescope in perception and the find of maculas, lunar mountains and vales, the four biggest orbiters of Jupiter, and the phases of Venus. In common methods of reasoning, he found the Torahs of falling natural structures and the signals of rockets. Throughout the entire existence of human advancement, Galileo remains as an image of the contention against approval for opportunity of enquiry. Galileo was brought into the world close to Pisa, on February 15, 1564. His male parent, Vincenzo Galilei, played an of import work in the melodic upheaval from medieval polyphonic music to consonant progress. Similarly as Vincenzo saw that hardened hypothesis smothered new signifiers in music, so his oldest kid came to consider Aristotelean to be heavenly nature as confining logical enquiry. Galileo was instructed by monastics at Vallombrosa thus entered the University of Pisa in 1581 to investigate clinical claim to fame. He in the blink of an eye went to precept and science, go forthing the college without an evaluation in 1585. For a clasp he guided in private and composed on hydrostatics and characteristic motions, however he did non print. In 1589 he turned into the teacher of science at Pisa, where he is accounted for to hold indicated his students the slip-up of Aristotle # 8217 ; s conviction that speed of harvest time is comparative with trouble, by dropping two objects of various load simultaneously from the Leaning Tower. His agreement was non recharged in 1592, likely in light of the fact that he repudiated Aristotelean educators. A similar twelvemonth, he was named to the seat of arithmetic at the University of Padua, where he stayed until 1610. At Padua, Galileo imagined an ascertaining compass for the down to earth arrangement of scientific employments. He abandoned awful characteristic methods of reasoning to cautious measurings, found the statute of falling natural structures and of the allegorical method of rockets, considered the motions of pendulums, and researched mechanics and the quality of stuffs. He indicated little inclusion in uranology, in spite of the fact that get bringing down in 1595 he favored the Copernican hypothesis that the Earth rotates around the Sun to the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic reason that planets circle a fixed Earth. Simply the Copernican hypothetical record upheld Galileo # 8217 ; s tide hypothesis, which depended on motions of the Earth. In 1609 he heard that a field glass had been created in Holland. In August of that twelvemonth he introduced a telescope, around each piece amazing as a cutting edge field glass, to the doge of Venice. Its incentive for maritime and nautical tasks brought about the multiplying of his pay and his certainty of belly to-burial chamber term of office as a teacher. By December 1609, Galileo had constructed a telescope of multiple times amplification, with which he found mountains and holes on the Moon. He other than observed that the Milky Way was made out of stars, and he found the four biggest orbiters of Jupiter. He distributed these discoveries in March 1610 in The Starry Messenger ( trans. 1880 ) . His new big name picked up him arrangement as court mathematician at Florence ; he was subsequently liberated from learning duties and had cut for examination and initiation. By December 1610 he had watched the phases of Venus, which repudiated Ptolemaic uranology and affirmed his inclination for the Copernican framework. Teachers of tenet despised Galileo # 8217 ; s finds since Aristotle had held that only totally circular natural structures could be in the divine circles and that nil new could ever see that place. Galileo other than contested with educators at Florence and Pisa over hydrostatics, and he distributed a book on floating natural structures in 1612. Four printed attacks on this book followed, dismissing Galileo # 8217 ; s characteristic ways of thinking. In 1613 he distributed a tungsten ork on maculas and anticipated triumph for the Copernican hypothesis. A Pisan educator, in Galileoââ¬â¢s nonappearance, told the Medici ( the administering family of Florence each piece great as Galileoââ¬â¢s bosses ) that confidence in a voyaging Earth was protester. In 1614 a Florentine cleric criticized Galileists from the dais. Galileo composed a since quite a while ago, detached message on the immateriality of scriptural advances in logical explanations, keeping that perusing of the Bible ought to be adjusted to expanding discernment and that no logical spot ought to ever be made an article of Roman Catholic religion. At an early stage in 1616, Copernican books were exposed to restriction by proclamation, and the Jesuit cardinal Robert Bellarmine trained Galileo that he should not keep anymore or bolster the develop that the Earth moves. Cardinal Bellarmine had previously exhorted him to deal with this point only theoretically and for logical expectations, without accepting Copernican builds as actually evident or attempting to oblige them with the Bible. Galileo stayed soundless on the point for mature ages, taking a shot at a technique for discovering longitudes adrift by using his expectations of the spots of Jupiter # 8217 ; s satellites, restarting his prior surveies of falling natural structures, and puting forward his situations on logical consistent speculation in a book on comets, The Assayer ( 1623 ; trans. 1957 ) . In 1624 Galileo started a book he wished to name Dialog on the Tides, in which he examined the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories corresponding to the common ways of thinking of tides. In 1630 the book was authorized for printing by Roman Catholic controls at Rome, however they adjusted the rubric to Dialog on the Two Chief World Systems ( trans. 1661 ) . It was distributed at Florence in 1632. Regardless of two functionary licenses, Galileo was called to Rome by the Inquisition to stand test for steady instinct of irregularity. This charge was grounded on an examination that Galileo had been actually requested in 1616 non to talk Copernicanism either orally or in making. Cardinal Bellarmine had kicked the bucket, however Galileo delivered an affirmation marked by the cardinal, saying that Galileo had been exposed to no further constraint than applied to any Roman Catholic under the 1616 order. No marked papers beliing this was ever found, yet Galileo was anyway constrained in 1633 to retract and was condemned to life detainment ( fleetly drove to changeless house fear ) . The Dialog was requested to be singed, and the sentence against him was to be perused publically in each college. Galileo # 8217 ; s finishing up book, Discourses Refering Two New Sciences ( trans. 1662-65 ) , which was distributed at Leiden in 1638, reappraisals and clean his prior surveies of signal and, by and large, the principles of mechanics. The book opened a course that was to take Newton to the law of cosmopolitan gravity that connected Kepler # 8217 ; s planetal Torahs with Galileo # 8217 ; s numerical common ways of thinking. Galileo got visually impaired before it was distributed, and he kicked the bucket at Arcetri, close to Florence, on January 8, 1642. Galileo # 8217 ; s most important logical part was his introduction of regular methods of reasoning on exact measurings rather than on supernatural standards and formal rationale. All the more broadly compelling, by and by, were The Starry Messenger and the Dialog, which opened new perspectives in uranology. Galileo # 8217 ; s belly to-burial place fight to liberate logical enquiry from confinement by philosophical and religious intercession remains past logical order. Since the full distribution of Galileo # 8217 ; s test paperss during the 1870s, full obligation for Galileo # 8217 ; s objection has generally been set on the Roman Catholic church. This hides the capacity of the convention educators who preeminent convinced theologists to relate Galileo # 8217 ; s logical order with strangeness. A test into the uranologist # 8217 ; s dissatisfaction, naming for its inversion, was opened in 1979 by Pope John Paul II. In October 1992 a missional advisory group recognized the Vatican # 8217 ; s botch. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-81474006506140704932020-08-22T13:10:00.001-07:002020-08-22T13:10:38.388-07:00Law Topics For Essay And Research Paper - Four Ways To Find MoreLaw Topics For Essay And Research Paper - Four Ways To Find MoreLaw topics for essay and research paper are a dime a dozen on the Internet, and it's easy to lose track of how many you need to write. This article will discuss several topic areas and some tools you can use to make it easier.The first law topics for essay and research paper that should be on your to-do list is the definition of 'legal.' A quick Google search will give you a lot of definitions to choose from, but just think about how interesting it would be to sit down with a group of people and discuss their opinion of the latest legal case. This gives you a clear example of why researching for legal terms is important and how other people could benefit from this fact in their own writing.Next on your list of law topic to write about is 'criminal law.' It's one thing to read a website about criminal laws and how they affect you or how a given person is being prosecuted. It's another to have the opportunity to speak to s omeone who knows about the criminal law. Lawyers and judges are people you want to speak to when you want to know more about a case.Law topic three is 'medical law.' These days, you'll be more likely to be diagnosed with a disease than to get a disease yourself. This means you will need to know how the law impacts your medical care and medications.One of the most overlooked law topic is 'civil law.' How are liens, awards, judgments, and settlements structured in an average case? This is one area where you can actually benefit by talking to a lawyer or judge. They are better versed in this field and more likely to know things you don't.Law topic four is 'Public policy.' Public policy encompasses all sorts of issues, including immigration and the environment. You will find that public policy isn't as complicated as it might seem. Talk to someone who is knowledgeable about public policy and law and ask them about it.Law topic five is 'Third-party-law.' This includes civil and criminal law related to the business and employment you may face in your everyday life. You will need to know about contracts, zoning, environmental regulations, and anything else which may affect you in the workplace. Someone who has had a criminal trial in their life will be able to give you an inside view of this topic.When you're thinking about writing law topics for essay and research paper, keep these ideas in mind. Talk to a lawyer or judge, or talk to someone who has been through a trial and can help you out. It will help to have a basic knowledge of how the law works, so you'll be able to properly research for a law topic. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-72746817131670932432020-08-21T10:52:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:52:25.750-07:00Irs and orgainzed crime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsIrs and orgainzed wrongdoing - Research Paper Example , perpetual quality, threatening vibe or danger of fierce conduct, restricted endeavors, lawful business infiltration, extortion, and absence of standards (Finklea, 2010, p. 2). The structure, be that as it may, isn't unbending yet is various leveled. In the United States, sorted out wrongdoing has held its underlying foundations for quite a while yet came to be well known in the twentieth century. This was with the infiltration of Italian mafia, Russian mafia, Japanese Yakuza and Chinese Tongs that the government struggled with for the majority of the century (Finklea, 2010). IRS was built up with a crucial offer Americans citizens with astounding help through helping them to understand and go along to their assessment commitments, just as implement the law with trustworthiness and decency to all (Internal Revenue Service, 2012). Under this crucial, administration has a criminal examinations (CI) office. The division looks to serve the American open by researching potential criminal infringement of the inside income code and related budgetary violations. The wrongdoings that the IRS explores incorporate tax avoidance, tax evasion and Bank Secrecy Act laws. It is just the IRS that has the power to examine potential criminal infringement of the Internal Revenue Code in spite of there being different offices, which manage similar violations (Internal Revenue Service, 2012.). Therefore, the IRS criminal examination takes a shot at a worldwide scale. The government agency of examination endeavors to end sorted out wrongdoing from everywhere throughout the world. To counter the issue of money related wrongdoing, the IRSââ¬â¢s criminal examinations office is separated into three associated divisions: Legal Source Tax Crimes; Illegal Source Financial Crimes; and Narcotics Related and Counterterrorism Financial Crimes (Internal Revenue Service, 2012). The administration, since the 1919 has endeavored, succeeded and flopped in researching sorted out wrongdoing that incorporate opiates and illegal tax avoidance. Probably the most punctual case is that of Al Capone in the Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-17935302449905111462020-05-26T05:14:00.001-07:002020-05-26T05:14:06.532-07:00Communication Plan For Effective Communication - 1526 Words Communication Plan Communication is the one known or form of communication known to everyone whether you are in the United States or not. Whether you communicate verbally, body language or by gestures there will always be some form of communication between a two people. In doing so there are several elements for effective communication. As a manager, you have various types of employees that you have to get to know and understanding how others learn (Borkowski, N., 2011). Because America is such the melting pot, often you will find with employees that may have barriers to their learning. For example people moving from a foreign country moving to America, they have to adapt to the culture, the climate, the people, the way we talk, shop and attempt to provide health care in an environment they are not familiar to them. For example, sending flyers, pictures or posting billboards in the community for the residents in their native language to inform those services can be rendered here at your local health care facility or offer to hold community meetings at the health care facility. Although there may be a barrier to their learning, as a manger, you must be able to provide training, as well as measure their level of understanding, reinforce what they have learned and continue to build on their knowledge and understanding. Because people are resilient, were all able to adapt to different cultures and other peopleââ¬â¢s way of life, yet some may struggle getting to know andShow MoreRelatedCommunication Plan For An Effective Communication910 Words à |à 4 PagesA communication plan describes the objectives a company will accomplish in terms of sharing information inside and outside the organization. This communication plan derives from the companyââ¬â¢s business plan and is aligned with the overall objectives of the organization. The first and most important task to be able to design an effective communication plan, is for the responsible team to evaluate the companyââ¬â¢s goals and objectives for the period encompassing the plan and be able to correlat e the planRead MoreDevelopment And Implementation Of An Effective Communication Plan1296 Words à |à 6 PagesProject Communication Plan One of the most important elements of a successful project is the development and implementation of an effective communication plan. Without clear communication, a project can encounter a number of unnecessary obstacles that may prohibit its successful completion. According to Gray and Larson, poor communication is a major contributor to project failure (2014). Therefore, it is important for a project manager to invest time and energy to develop a well thought out communicationRead MoreProject Communication Management1001 Words à |à 5 PagesProject Communication Management A failure to communicate is often the greatest threat to the success of any project, especially information technology projects. Communications is the lubricant that keeps a project running smoothly. Project communications management involves communication planning, information distribution, performance reporting, and stakeholder management. Communications planning involves determining the information and communication needs of the stakeholders. For exampleRead MoreCommunication Plan1637 Words à |à 7 PagesCOMMUNICATION PLAN Communication Plan Frieder Vasquez Davenport University Abstract Communication plans are imperative in business when needing to establish objectives and to reach goals. In the process, effective methods of communication can be used to facilitate that the messages will arrive to target audiences. In the present scenario, it was confirmed how strong communication plans are the tools to better facilitate processes as sensitive as merging companies. This merger is by itselfRead MoreCommunication As A Leading Cause For Success Or Failure1203 Words à |à 5 PagesLeadership Communication Case Study Analysis Communication is often seen as one of the founding building blocks in leadership. This paper will explore what communication strategies are associated with effective leadership and some barriers to effective communication that a leader should overcome. Working in a management position for over 20 years I have learned that the effectiveness of communication is a leading cause for success or failure. How and what communication styles work sometimes takesRead MoreLack Of Strong Communication Skills1533 Words à |à 7 Pages Strong communication skills are necessary in order to coordinate daily operations which may require multiple people participating in the care of a patient. Evidence has shown that a lack of strong communication has led to negative patient outcomes and financial losses for the institution. Effective communication will help deliver the plan and staff members will know exactly what is expected off them versus trying to figure it out on their own. Good communicati on will also help to prevent errorsRead MoreCommunication Project Management Plan And Communication Plan1454 Words à |à 6 Pages Communication is one of the most complicated aspects of project management. There are an infinite number of projects that has failed due to communication within the project team and the project stakeholders. Communication plan, and stakeholder management plan are one of the most important parts of project management. These two plans are the key for the project to complete successfully. There have been many organizations that do not implement or the stakeholder management plan and communication planRead MoreBlog- How To Improve Your Communication Skills. Communication1049 Words à |à 5 PagesBlog- How To Improve Your Communication Skills Communication plays an important role in defining our professional and private lives. Professionals in the sales and marketing know that communication can make or break the success of a project or engagement. This is the reason why here is always chaos and problems whenever a miscommunication arises. Effective communication is not only crucial in passing through information; it is also marks the trait or building block of successful organizations. AccordingRead MoreIndustrial and Organizational Psychology1680 Words à |à 7 PagesINTRODUCTION Effective Communication is significant for managers in the organizations so as to perform the basic functions of management, i.e., Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling. Communication helps managers to perform their jobs and responsibilities. Communication serves as a foundation for planning. All the essential information must be communicated to the managers who in-turn must communicate the plans so as to implement them. Organizing also requires effective communication with othersRead MoreThe Importance Of Coaching, Employee Satisfaction, And 360 Feedbacks836 Words à |à 4 PagesThe behaviors will vary after the new leadership development plan is implemented. The Mississippi Army National Guard is full of type ââ¬Å"Aâ⬠personalities that do not adjust well to changing something that has been embedded in their brain since the day they joined the organization. However, the change is needed in order to ensure the continued success. Anything that stays the same will g row stagnate after a period of time. I am sure that some people will be happy a change is happening, because they Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-29952598971385978872020-05-15T11:49:00.001-07:002020-05-15T11:49:11.851-07:00The Axis Powers and Their Role during WWII In 1923, Benito Mussolini said that the axis of the worldââ¬â¢s history ran through Berlin. Mussolinis words were based on a practical interest towards Germany; he wanted to use it as an ally against Yugoslavia and France in the territorial conflict. However, the name ââ¬Å"Axisâ⬠was officially used to signify the Berlin-Rome agreement in 1936. Later, it became a name for the military alliance formed during the Second World War, which opposed the Allies. The core of the Axis comprised three countries with vast territorial appetites, Germany, Italy, and Japan. Each of them had its interests beyond its own lands. Japan was hungry for the territories in the Pacific region and a significant part of China, Italy had its colonial interests and was seeking for an ally to oppose France, and Germany could not overcome the defeat in the World War I and wanted to regain the territories that once were hers. Ideological justification of the war for all three of them was the necessity to free the world from the Soviet communism. In the late 1930s, the Soviet Union viewed the Axis as potential partners. In 1939, the USSR and Germany signed a Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and started a coordinated occupation of territories from Poland. However, Germany broke the pact soon, and on 22 June, 1941, the allied forces of Germany and Romania invaded the USSR with 3 million troops and a huge amount of machinery. This attack was known as Operation Barbarossa. The other Axis forces, Hungary and Finland, joined the invaders after some time. The plan was to reach the Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line through the Baltic region and Ukraine, in order to eliminate the Soviet Union with its population and its communist ideology and to clear that immense area for Germany and its supporters. While the Kiev offensive was successful, and the Axis troops took the city, they faced obstacles as they progressed east. Exhausted by sieges of Stalingrad, Moscow, and Sevastopol, and deprived of resources amidst the harsh weather conditions, the Germans were defeated by the renewed Soviet Armies and pushed back by 60 to 155 miles by December. That was the first major mistake of the Axis. The second one was made in 1941. Japan made an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, which resulted in both Germany and Italy declaring war on the States. While the US was not actively participating in the military actions before the attack, Pearl Harbor events made the country join the war. The united and reinforced powers of the Allies advanced on many fronts, including Europe, Middle East, Asia, the Pacific and North Africa. The Axis alliance was weakened by the opponents who now included the US, and especially demoralized by its defeats on the USSR territories. From the late 1941 and till spring 1945, the Axis forces were slowly stepping back, and they finally surrendered by the beginning of May when the Allies occupied Germany. Japan surrendered later, after it had suffered from the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 1945 marked the end of the WWII and one of its two main opposing forces, the Axis. The Axis was a powerful alliance which consisted of three countries with a throng territorial hunger. Starting as a union between Germany and Italy, it quickly turned into a plague that took over a large part of Europe, Asia, and went beyond. Their aggression towards other countries made the rest of the world unite in their fight against Axis, which resulted in the usurpers total defeat and further cooperation of worlds countries on preventing the future wars. References Gumpl, Gary Kleinig, Richardà The Hitler Club: The Rise and Fall of Australias No. 1 Nazià Brolga Publishing Pty Ltd (2007) Speer, Albert,à Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs, (Simon Schuster, 1970) Reginbogin, Herbert R. and Detlev F. Vagts,à Faces of Neutrality: a Comparative Analysis of the Neutrality of Switzerland and Other Neutral Nations during World War II, (Transaction Publishers, 2009) Albrecht, Donald, ed. World War II and the American Dream: How Wartime Building Changed a Nation. Cambridge, MA and Washington, DC: MIT Press and National Building Museum, 1995. Keegan, John.à Whos Who In World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Polmar, Norman B., and Thomas B. Allen.à World War II: America At War, 1941-1945. New York: Random House, 1991. Lyons, Michael J.à World War II: A Short History. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, c1999. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-79225035995436413982020-05-06T16:33:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:33:31.642-07:00Essay about Slavery in Beloved, by Toni Morrison - 1960 Words Beloved ââ¬Å"Belovedâ⬠is the story of a young black womans escape from slavery in the nineteenth century, and the process of adjusting to a life of freedom. Most people associate slavery with shackles, chains, and back breaking work. What they do not realize is the impact of the psychological and emotional bondage of slavery. In order for a slave to be truly free, they had to escape physically first, and once that was accomplished they had to confront the horror of their actions and the memories that a life in chains had left behind. For Sethe, slavery is not over, at least not in her mind, and beloved serves as a form of therapy by drawing out the painful memories and giving Sethe a second chance to right herâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Amy was on her way to Boston to buy velvet. She tells Sethe that if she doesnââ¬â¢t move to a safer spot she is liable to get bit by a spider. Sethe is unable to walk, so Amy drags her to a lean-to, rubs her badly damaged feet, and fashions a pair of makeshift shoes from leaves and pieces of cloth. The next day Sethe is able to walk and while making her way to the river she goes into labor. The two women find an old canoe and just as Sethe steps in her water breaks. With Amyââ¬â¢s help, Sethe gives birth to her fourth child, a baby girl. Amy asks Sethe to tell the baby that Amy Denver of Boston had helped to bring her into the world. Sethe thought that Amyââ¬â¢s last name was pretty and decided to remember her by naming her daughter Denver. Amy straps little Denver to Sethes chest and with a little help they make it to 124- Baby Suggs house. Although Sethe has escaped the physical bondage of slavery, her fight for freedom is not yet over. Halle worked every Sunday for five years to buy his mothers freedom from Mr. Garner, the owner of Sweet Home. Mr. Garner arranged for Baby Suggs transportation across the river, a job for her when she got there, and a small house to live in that belonged to a man named Mr. Bodwin. Mr. Garner and Mr. Bodwin had been friends for years and Mr. Bodwin did not agree with the institution of slavery. Baby Suggs opened her house and her heart to coloredShow MoreRelatedToni Morrison s Beloved And The Ghosts Of Slavery : Historical Recovery1691 Words à |à 7 Pages In the novel Beloved, Toni Morrison develops character Beloved as an allegorical figure to embody slaveryââ¬â¢s horrific past and the lasting impact that unresolved past trauma has upon the present. Morrison develops the character Beloved to represent all the unremembered and untold stories of slavery and to further the message that we must maintain a collective memory of slavery in order to pursue a hopeful future. Morrison develops Beloved as a character through her interactions with other ch aractersRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved : Dehumanization Of Slavery And Its Effects On African Americans And Their Basic Forms Of1268 Words à |à 6 PagesToni Morrisonââ¬â¢s Beloved shows the dehumanization of slavery and its effects on African-Americans and their basic forms of existenceââ¬âspecifically motherhood. Morrison depicts the strong maternal bond between Sethe and her children. Most importantly, her use of Setheââ¬â¢s controversial act of infanticide shows the lengths that Sethe will take to protect her children from slavery. Morrisonââ¬â¢s depiction of Setheââ¬â¢s motherhood shows how slavery has deconstructed the Eurocentric expectations and traditionsRead MoreBeloved By Toni Morrison : Politics Associated With The Historical Discourse Of Slavery And African American Culture1795 Words à |à 8 PagesBeloved by Toni Morrison emphasizes the politics associated with the historical discourse of slavery and African American culture. Characters such as De nver, Beloved, Baby Suggs, and Halle provides the audienceââ¬â¢s clues to the past of such discourse. The language communicates complex symbolism that commentââ¬â¢s on the philosophy of Aesthetics, racial segregation, the sublime, and African American scholarship. The symbolism of the text in Beloved broadcasts references to these philosophical debates inRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1561 Words à |à 7 PagesBeloved is one of the most beautifully written books and Toni Morrison is one of the best authors in the world. After reading the Bluest Eye and seeing how captivating it is, it is not highly expectant to think that Beloved to be just as enchanting. Anyone who has read Beloved would read it again and those of us who have not should be dying to read it. Beloved is a historical fiction novel based on a true historical incident. Beloved is setRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison1455 Words à |à 6 PagesThro ughout history, numerous people were victims of slavery. Many people were tortured and worked to death and suffered horrifically. Not many slaves knew their mothers because they were torn from their homes. Many slave women were robbed of their innocence by their masters. Behind the face of every slave, there is always a very traumatic unforgettable story which is not something to pass on, but a lesson to remember from repeating same mistake again. Only a handful of slaves learned to read andRead MoreAmerican Gothic Mid Term : Use Of Color1723 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Use of Color in Beloved In Beloved, color is a common and important theme, especially the color red. This is because color can symbolize a variety of different things such as a specific emotion or a memory. Throughout Beloved Morrison uses color to give various meanings to various objects and spaces. The emotional qualities of the characters in Beloved are so strong that Morrison utilizes color as a way to express their feelings. Since the book tells a story about slavery and the color of a personsRead MoreBeloved, By Toni Morrison Essay1576 Words à |à 7 Pagesreading Toni Morrisonââ¬â¢s novel Beloved, I could not help but feel shocked and taken aback by the detailed picture of life she painted for slaves at the time in American history. The grotesque and twisted nature of life during the era of slavery in America is an opposite world from the politically correct world of 2016. Morrison did not hold back about the harsh realities of slavery. Based on a true story, Toni Morrison wrote Beloved about th e life of Sethe, a slave and her family. Toni Morrison leftRead More Mother-Daughter Relationship in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay699 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Mother-Daughter Relationship in Toni Morrisons Beloved In Toni Morrison novel, Beloved , the author creates a mother-daughter relationship in which the mother Sethe, out of love, murders her daughter Beloved to free and protect her from the harshness of slavery. Because of this, the baby ghost of her deceased daughter haunts her conscience and is later resurrected to further torment Sethe about her act of love. From the time she slits the throat of her infant daughter and untilRead MoreSlave Narratives: Beloved by Toni Morrison1644 Words à |à 7 Pagesexperienced these hardships, and werenââ¬â¢t even born to witness it. Slave narratives are memoirs that were written while slavery was still legalized, for example Harriet Jacobââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Incidents in the life of a Slave Girlâ⬠. However, Toni Morrisonââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Belovedâ⬠is considered a neo-slave narrative because it is a story that is written after the abolishment of slavery. These stories of slavery still haunt Americans, black and white. Slave narra tives are significant because there are psychological scars that areRead MoreBeloved : A Reconstruction Of Our Past1705 Words à |à 7 PagesCrossley Short Close Reading Paper #2 November 20, 2015 Beloved: A reconstruction of our past Beloved by Toni Morrison is a reconstruction of history told by the African American perspective, a perspective that is often shadowed or absent in literature. Her novel presents a cruel demonstration of the horrors endured by slaves and the emotional and psychological effects it created for the African American community. It unmasks the realities of slavery, in which we are presented with the history of each Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-92096397630810823182020-05-05T19:33:00.001-07:002020-05-05T19:33:12.332-07:00Promotional Campaign of Coca Cola Question: How Coca Cola can improve their promotional campaign. Answer: Introduction Coco Cola is a leading international company in the soft drinks market with including more than 500 brands and around 3500 beverages in 200 countries around the world. The company started in 1986 when approximately nine beverages used to be sold in one day, however, the company evolved in to the recent time where around 1.7 billion beverages are sold in one single day. The company has a refreshed mission and optimism that involves addressing several elements of business. With the goal of being the sole brand of choice and the increasing market share and improved profitability, the proposed objectives and promotional campaign of the company is outlines on the basis of SMART objectives criteria. Objectives While planning the six months promotional campaign of Coca Cola, the first step of the plan is to decide on the objectives of the plan. The proposed objective would be, Informing the target market about the benefits of the products Providing the consistent focus on keeping the brand image high in the market, and maintaining the First In Mind position of Coca Cola Increasing the sales of the selected products The objectives of the plan are planned following the SMART principle, which means it is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timed. The objectives are specified, because the company is trying to endorse two of their products Diet Coke and PowerAde. The objectives are prcised and the company has specific plans for the endorsement. Six Month Promotional Campaign For making any marketing plan, the market research and development is the most important factor. Here, a six month long promotional plan has been discussed of the soft drink company Coca Cola, after a critical examination. In the next six months the company will choose a specific market and promote the brand value there. The target market segment of the brand has a varied segmentation. In the next six months the company will target the market with their comparatively new product Diet Coke and the sports drink PowerAde. The Diet Coke is targeted to the aged group of consumers and PowerAde will target the active youth section that needs energy in their daily life. The segmentation reveals the requirements of the contents of the brand, also influences the promotional methods such as advertizing and other events appropriate for the target market segment. The promotional plan is a short term one, so the company is not considering any long term result out of it. Pricing Strategy The chief tool of any marketing plan is the pricing strategies. Factors like having a high market share of Coco Cola and pressure of the competitors in the market environment have forced the price to be low and the sales volume will increase in an obvious way, and the company will keep a low margin. This penetration strategy is quite achievable in the next six months as the setting of lower price than higher will help the company to achieve a potentially dominating market share. This strategy needs a good market research as that will define whether the demand of the product is flexible in the market or not. Also, keeping the pricing a little low will not affect the profit margin of the brand, but enhance the sales of the products. This penetration strategy might lead to a large amount of sales and more market shares. The products are purposely priced low, which is a realistic plan because this plan is for six months. There are instances in the past which shows that the product achiev ing a high market penetration, might become the industry standard. Market Communication The market communication will consider several areas of the strengths and the weaknesses in this specific plan. The market communication will be appropriate to the target market, as the products are targeting both the youth segment and the aged group at the same time. The designed strategy is specific and timed for the brand endorsement. There will be paid form of advertizing in forms of billboards, TV advertisements, and magazine and newspaper ads. There will be personal selling as well for the reason of marking the sales at a higher level and building a good consumer relationship. There will also be short term incentives offered to the sales force of Coca Cola to encourage the sale of the targeted products. There will also be online advertizing of the products targeting specified websites, which is a realistic and achievable strategy, because this will not cost much to the company and social media marketing is very much effective nowadays. Action Plan Action Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Deciding the pricing Strategy and the promotional Strategy Starting of the promotional events Starting of online promotions Launching of the products to the target market Budget Action Investment [6 months] (Approximate) Promotional events $ 1000-1500 Advertizing, PR events $1000 Incentives for the sales employees $2000 Product Launch Event $1000 Control The marketing plan needs to be well controlled since any failure of the proposed plan may lead to utter disappointment. The pricing strategy should be decided at the starting of the plan within two months as this is the foremost issue of the promotional campaign. After deciding the exact pricing strategy the management should inform the sales managers and the employees about the strategies. The proposed share of the sales force should also be conveyed to the employees. Within the time frame of two months the Public Relations and marketing team of Coca Cola should also decide the required promotional strategies for the endorsement of Diet Coke and PowerAde. From the second month the promotional events should start without any failure and it will continue till fourth month. From fourth month onwards the online promotions will start through specific websites, social networking sites and direct marketing policies. Though these months the sales force will take the entire control of the ev ents and direct sales of the products. There might be sponsored events as well. At the end of the six month the products will be launched with a new brand image to the target market. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-71903603153916492112020-04-13T13:32:00.001-07:002020-04-13T13:32:03.899-07:00An Overview of Fossils and Dinosaurs by StateAn Overview of Fossils and Dinosaurs by State Do you know the official state dinosaur and fossil for the state you live in? State fossils or state dinosaurs have been named by 42 of the 50 states. Maryland, Missouri, Oklahoma and Wyoming have named one of each, while Kansas has named both an official marine and flying fossil. Three states Georgia, Oregon and Vermont have fossils of non-extinct species.à There is also the informally named but formally designated Capitalsaurus of Washington, D.C.à The state fossils make a much more consistent list than the state rocks, state minerals and state gemstones. Most are distinct creatures identified by species. On the other hand, some of the dinosaurs are honored as state fossils rather than state dinosaurs.à Dinosaurs and Fossils by State The Adoption Date lists the date that these were adopted as state symbols. The link usually goes to the best existing material from the respective state government or educational institution.à You can look up each of the geologic age terms inà the geologic time scale.à State Scientific Name Common Name (age) Adoption Date Alabama Basilosaurus cetoides Whale (Eocene) 1984 Alaska Mammuthus primigenius Mammoth (Pleistocene) 1986 Arizona Araucarioxylon arizonicum Petrified Wood (Triassic) 1988 California Smilodon californicus Saber-toothed cat (Quaternary) 1973 Colorado Stegosaurus Stegosaurus (Cretaceous) 1982 Connecticut Eubrontes giganteus Dinosaur Track (Jurassic) 1991 Deleware Belemnitalla americana Belemnite (Cretaceous) 1996 Georgia Shark tooth (Cenozoic) 1976 Idaho Equus simplicidens Hagerman horse (Pliocene) 1988 Illinois Tullimonstrum gregarium Tully Monster (Carboniferous) 1989 Kansas PteranodonTylosaurus Pterosaur (Cretaceous) Mosasaur (Cretaceous) 20142014 Kentucky Brachiopod (Paleozoic) 1986 Louisiana Palmoxylon Petrified Palm wood (Cretaceous) 1976 Maine Pertica quadrifaria Fern-like plant (Devonian) 1985 Maryland Astrodon johnstoni Ecphora gardnerae Sauropod dinosaur (Cretaceous)Gastropod (Miocene) 19981994 Massachusetts Dinosaur tracks (Triassic) 1980 Michigan Mammut americanum Mastadon (Pleistocene) 2002 Mississippi Basilosaurus cetoides Zygorhiza kochii Whale (Eocene)Whale (Eocene) 19811981 Missouri Delocrinus missouriensis Hypsibema missouriense Crinoid (Carboniferous) Duck-billed dinosaur (Cretaceous) 19892004 Montana Maiasaura peeblesorum Duck-billed dinosaur (Cretaceous) 1985 Nebraska Archidiskodon imperator Mammoth (Pleistocene) 1967 Nevada Shonisaurus popularis Ichthyosaur (Triassic) 1977 New Jersey Hadrosaurus foulkii Duck-billed dinosaur (Cretaceous) 1991 New Mexico Coelophysis bauri Dinosaur (Triassic) 1981 New York Eurypterus remipes Sea scorpion (Silurian) 1984 North Carolina Carcharodon megalodon Megalodon (Cenozoic) 2013 North Dakota Teredo Petrified Wood (Cretaceous and Tertiary) 1967 Ohio Isotelus Trilobite (Ordovician) 1985 Oklahoma Saurophaganax maximusAcrocanthosaurus atokensis Theropod dinosaur (Jurassic) Theropod dinosaur (Cretaceous) 20002006 Oregon Metasequoia Dawn redwood (Cenozoic) 2005 Pennsylvania Phacops rana Trilobite (Devonian) 1988 South Carolina Mammuthus columbi Mammoth (Pleistocene) 2014 South Dakota Triceratops (Dinosaur) 1988 Tennessee Pterotrigonia thoracica Bivalve (Cretaceous) 1998 Texas Sauropod (Cretaceous) 2009 Utah Allosaurus Theropod dinosaur (Jurassic) 1988 Vermont Delphinapterus leucas Beluga whale (Pleistocene) 1993 Virginia Chesapecten jeffersonius Scallop (Neogene) 1993 Washington Mammuthus columbi Mammoth (Pleistocene) 1998 West Virginia Megalonyx jeffersoni Giant ground sloth (Pleistocene) 2008 Wisconsin Calymene celebra Trilobite (Paleozoic) 1985 Wyoming KnightiaTriceratops Fish (Paleogene) (Cretaceous) 19871994 Edited by Brooks Mitchell Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-65554706364450685332020-03-11T12:22:00.001-07:002020-03-11T12:22:03.606-07:00Geographic Situations and Factors for SettlementGeographic Situations and Factors for Settlement In geographic terms, a situation or site refersà to the location of a place based on its relation to other places, such as San Franciscos situation being a port of entry on the Pacific coast, adjacent to Californias productive agricultural lands. Situations are typically defined by the physical elements of a location that helped determine it as good for settlement, which can include factors such as availability of building materials and water supply, the quality of soil, the climate of the region, and opportunities for shelters and defense - for this reason, many coastal cities are formed due to their proximity to both rich agricultural land and trade ports. Of the many factors that help determine ifà a location is appropriateà for settling, each can beà divided into one of fourà generally accepted categories: climatic, economic, physical and traditional.à Climatic, Economic, Physical, and Traditional Factors In order to better categorize which factors ultimately affect settlement, geographers have generally accepted four umbrella terms to describe these elements: climatic, economic, physical, and traditional. Climatic factors such as wet or dry situations, availability and theà need for shelter and drainage, and theà necessity for warmer or cooler garb can all determine whether or not the situation is appropriate for settlement. Similarly, physical factors like shelter and drainage, as well as soil quality, water supply, ports, and resources, can affect whether or not a location is suitable for building a city. Economic factors such as nearby markets for trade, ports for importing and exporting goods, number of available resources to account for Gross Domestic Product, and commercial routeways also play a large role in this decision, as do traditional factors such as defenses, hills, and local relief for new establishments in the locations region. Changing Situations Throughout history, settlers have had to establish a variety of different ideal factors to determine the best course of action for establishing new settlements, which have changed drastically over time. Whereas most settlements in medieval times were established based on an availability of fresh water and good defenses, there are many more factors that now determine how well a settlement would do given its location. Now, climatic factors and traditional factors play a much larger role in establishing new cities and towns because physical and economic factors are typically worked out based on international or domestic relationships and controls - though elements of these such as availability of resources and proximity to trade ports do still play a major role in the establishment process. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-78935551220474126422020-02-24T02:48:00.001-08:002020-02-24T02:48:03.355-08:00My Christian Worldview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsMy Christian Worldview - Research Paper Example Although other belief systems may differ significantly from Christian Theism, it is worth looking at the Christian worldview of life, human beings, right and wrong, human history, cosmos, and death in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the Christian worldview. According to the Bible, the prime reality is the omnipresent and infinite God who watches over the world from the high heavens. God is not only infinite, but also he is also personal in the sense that he communicates with man through prayers and he is an omniscient God. As revealed in the Holy Scriptures, God is the creator of the heavens and the earth, meaning that he has control over the entire universe (Ekstrand, 2008). No other place can one learn about the triune God except by reading the Holy Scriptures because he reveals himself to humans through the Bible. Owing to His transcendent nature, God is sovereign over all matter and living things and he uses his power for the goof of all. In essence, the Goodness of God is means to save humankind from his sins that have been deeply rooted in man since the days of Adam. Christianity takes the belief that only one omnipotent God exists and Hi works closely with His Angels for the good of all human beings. It implies that God ranks hu mankind above all other living and non-living things within the cosmos (Edwards, 2010).à When it comes to the nature of external reality, Deism and naturalism agree to some extent with the Christian worldview that God created the cosmos. Perhaps the major differences surface among various theisms when one analyzes the motive of God in creating the open space. As for Christianity, God created the universe out of nothing, meaning that he created the cosmos ââ¬Ëex nihilo.ââ¬â¢ In as much as other belief systems would like to disagree with the Christian perspective, there is a reason to believe in Christianity since such belief systems derive vast Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-21445724815632485452020-02-07T19:34:00.001-08:002020-02-07T19:34:02.507-08:00Conditioned Emotional Response Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsConditioned Emotional Response - Article Example was tested. The experimenters had him confronted with different animals when he was nine months old. He normally tried to play with the rabbit, dog and rat that were presented to him. Then one day, while he was again given the rat and he moved to touch it with his hand, a person struck a hammer hard on a steel bar and a sharp sound produced. Instantly the child fixated both his eyes and hands. The next time he got to see the rat, he was not that much excited to touch the animal, obviously still shocked by the previous incident. This means that the child's emotional response was conditioned to the stimulus of sharp sound which was the expected result of joint stimulation. Similar experiments were done substituting the rat with other animals and conditioned responses were established. When Albert was eleven months he was again tested to see whether there was a transfer in the conditioned emotional response. A rat was shown to the child and his reaction was still negative. He started crying and crawled away. This was a very persuasive test. Such conditioned responses persist in different situations. When the child was experimented in a different setting following the same strategy, his fearful reaction was exactly similar to the ones already observed. The potency of such responses persists sometimes throughout life, not weakening over time. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-19102659182586475982020-01-29T12:07:00.001-08:002020-01-29T12:07:03.906-08:00Pfizer company Analysis Essay Example for Free Pfizer company Analysis Essay Introduction Pfizer is a pharmaceutical company that is here to help us have a better health. It was founded in (1849) by two cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart. It was made to discover and developing new ways to prevent and treat disease and also to improve health in the world. The company focuses on meeting the world help needs. Pfizer specializes in many medicines. They have medicines to help all health needs in the world. Throughout this report, I will be discussing all different kinds of medicines this company prescribes, the health and wellness of this company, the leadership and structure and many more important key points about Pfizer. I will also discuss the time line of this company on when events took place. Exploring the History of Pfizer Two cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart from Germany open a small company with some money that was borrowed from Charles Pfizer father in (1849). Their first company was open in Brooklyn, New York in a section of Williamsburg. This small red brick building serves as everything, the office, warehouse, laboratory and the factory. Charles Pfizer was a chemist and Erhart was a confectioner and together they made their first product which was a palatable form of santonin. This product was an antiparasitic used to treat intestinal worms. The santonin was blend with almond-toffee flavoring and shape into a candy cone. It was a wonderful success and the company launch. (Pfizer 2009) In 1862, Pfizer launched its first domestic production of tartaric acid and cream of tartar. ââ¬Å"Tartaric acid was used as a laxative and a skin coolant during the Civil War. The cream of tartar was a diuretic and a cleaning agent and also a vital drug to help meet the needs of the Union Army. Among these are iodine, morpahine, cholorform, camphor, and maercurials which are also used in the emerging field of photography.â⬠(Pfizer 2009) By the (1968), the company doubles its side. It have increase it product line and also add 150 new employees. With the company growth, they buy a new building in Manhattan and moves it headquarters there. In (1880), the company started imported concentrates of lemon and lime which Pfizer begins manufacturing citric acid. They became the top producer of citric acid. Once the new drinks gain popularity; like Coca-Cola, Dr. Pepper and Pepsi-Cola, the demand for citric acid climbs the charts.à (Pfizer 2009) As the company double over the year, Pfizer opens an offices and warehouse in Chicago, Illinois, the first location outside the city limit of New York in (1882). On December 27, 1891, Charles Erhart dies and leaves a partnership worth over $250,000 to his son William. But in an agreement among Pfizer and Erhart, Pfizer could buy Erhartââ¬â¢s share at half inventory value. Pfizer became consolidating ownership of the company. (Pfizer 2009) ââ¬Å"Pfizer files an official certificate of incorporation in the state of New Jersey, with authorized capital of $2 million divided into 20,000 shares of $100 each. Pfizer would remain a privately held company until June 22, 1942, when 240, 000 shares of new common stock were offered to the public. Charles Pfizer appointed his youngest son President at a special board meeting. Emile serves as President from (1906) to (1941) and briefly as Chairman in (1941). He was the last member of the family to be an activity member of the company. Charles Pfizer dies at the age of 82 while vacationing at his Newport, Rhode Island estate in 1906. The company has exceeded its sales to 3 million dollars by this time of Pfizer death. Once Pfizer dead, the board of director meets and name John Anderson as chairman of the company. Anderson first started working at Pfizer Inc as an office boy in (1873) and remained chairman until (1929) when he stepped down. (Pfizer 2009) A fermentation-free method of ascorbic acid was developed which was vitamin C. Pfizer was one of the biggest producers of vitamin C. Next came vitamin B-2, or riboflavin, and eventually develops a vitamin mix that includes riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and iron. Pfizer had a miracle drug called penicillin. This drug was use for soldiers in the war. Pfizer receive an award on April 17, 1943 from the Army for it companyââ¬â¢s contribution to the war. (Pfizer 2009) By the 1951, Pfizer have expanded its company in Belgium, Vrazil, Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Panama, and Puerto Rico. In (1952), Pfizer introduce an Agricultural Division of the company to offer anim al health problems in Terre Haute, Indiana. Pfizer also open another plant in England in (1955). This plant was a fermentation plant for research and development operations in Great Britain. The company was doing so well, they open another Pfizer pharmaceutical plant in Mexico, Italy, and Turkey. The company workers increase from 4,300 to over 7,000 workers in just one year. (Pfizer 2009) (In 1967), the company introduced its first one a day antibiotic calledà Vibramycin (dozycycline hyclate). As the year over taken, Pfizer had a drug called Feldence that became one of the largest-selling prescription anti-inflammatory medications in the world. From 1984-1989, Pfizer had introduce four new drugs. The first drug was Glucotrol which is for diabetes. The next drug was Unasyn (ampicillin sulbasctam). It was an injectable antibiotic. They produced a medication for angina and hypertension which was Procardia XL that is a medication that you take once-a-day. (Pfizer 2009) In June (2001), Hank Mckinnell announces that Pfizer to become the worldââ¬â¢s most valued company to patients, customers and the communities we live in everyday. He announced a commitment to fund the building of a regional treatment and training center on the campus of Makerere University in Kampala as part of the Academic Alliance for AIDS Care. As the years passed by, Pfizer announces the launch of a three-year initiative to provide grants to support training and capacity building for HIV/AIDS in developing countries in (2002). (Pfizer 2009) In 2003 research and development received over $7.1 billion of investment from Pfizer. They start on a new medication to treat migraines called Relpax. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first treatment drug called Lyrica to treat neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in two forms. This drug also helps treat adults with epilepsy with partial onset seizures. On October 15, 2009, Pfizer wanted to help the lives of the patients and consumers by creating a company with on training products and therapies. (Pfizer 2009) Pfizer Pfizer have three different section of within their company. Pfizer is a incorporation which is a public company that was established in 1849. It is there to discover, develops, manufactures and market human and animal pharmaceuticals drugs. The Pfizer Inc. Corporate Giving Program is a complement of its foundation. Its corporate makes charitable contributions to nonprofit organizations directly. But last not least, The Pfizer foundation supports programs designed to promote access to quality health care and support the involvement of Pfizer community colleagues. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) The foundation have special emphasis in four strategies. The first strategy is to improve health care for people in need. The second strategy is to teach individuals about health care and aà way to prevent things from happening to health care workers and individuals as a whole. Third strategy is to increasing the faculty of health organizations to provide care to people in need. But last, to measure the impact by serving partnership with experts to be able to share the best practice offer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Pfizer leadership and Structure This company is made up of the best senior level executive personnel and the best decision-making board member there is offer. This board was brought together to focus on the major decisions of the company. Pfizer had several kinds of health care businesses. Pfizer had businesses such as Capsugel, Oncoogy, Nutrition, and Animal Health. Each company was run by a top executive who had very good knowledge of the company and products. (Pfizer 2009) The Board of Directors is elected annually by shareholders. They are the decision-making body of the company with the help of the shareholders. The Board selects the senior management team, which is charged with the conduct of the Companyââ¬â¢s business. The board currently has 16 directors. (Pfizer 2009) Corporate Governance Pfizer was the first company to establish a corporate governance department. Pfizer understand to be trusted by public, they must have a good corporate governance and transparency. Pfizer stated ââ¬Å"In order to create and sustain value for our stakeholders, and for society as a whole, we must first practice responsible business principles.â⬠ââ¬Å"And, we must take into account our stakeholdersââ¬â¢ interests and be held accountable to them.â⬠As reading the quote above from Pfizer Company, it clearly states that public opinion matter the most to them. The company want to make sure everyone have some kind of involves with their business. (Pfizer 2009) Public Policy Pfizer has a public policy select in its company. Thatââ¬â¢s a way the company communicate to people who have a part in their company. The public will be able to have discussing about the company and its product. The public policy is made so that the public can response to item to help improve the company to have better product and also to introduce new product into the company. (Pfizer 2009) Phrases of Development Pfizer Company has four different phrases of clinical development which new drugs are developed through a series of trails. Phrase 1, the company have healthy individual to volunteer for an experiential medicine which is called investigational new drug. This medicine is design to cure a disease which the volunteer currently have. A low dose of this medication is administered to the individual with highly supervision. The volunteer is watch very closed to record it responds to the medication to measure the doses that is best for that individual. (Pfizer 2009) In the second phrase, the drug is watched much closer to see what method is best for the individual. The method can be ever an oral or injection method. These patients for this stage are highly recommended by doctors or is a patient that has the disease that the drug is believed to treat. Phrase 3 is basically checking the results of the experiment to make sure the drug is working properly. The last phrase gather all the result form the trail period to make sure everything when as occurring as plan. They gather all the information on the drug about any risk that could occur while testing this drug on individuals. (Pfizer 2009) Programs Pfizer have many grants that they give out to university, foundation and other organizations. Pfizer also have many programs within it company. I will list and discuss some of the programs:à ConnectHIV: The foundation supports programs designed to serve communicates that are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS through grants to 20 mid-sized AIDS service organizations in the 10 states of the US with the highest number of new AIDS cases. The program is designed to prevent new infections to high-risk populations and delay disease progression for those already infected by supporting ASOs that take a comprehensive approach to presentation, access to care, and treatment. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Science in Schools: The foundation supports programs designed to improve education in communities around the world. Special emphasis is directed toward programs designed to build fully-equipped science labs and math classrooms to train local science teachers and develop initiatives toà encourage corporations and individuals to partner with local schools. It also helps teachers to study science in order to bring innovative knowledge and technology into the classroom. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Volunteer Programs (PVP): The foundation awards grants up to $1,500 to performing arts groups, museums, agencies serving the elderly, schools, libraries, hospitals, and community health organizations which employees and retirees of Pfizer volunteer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Matching Gift: The foundation matches contributions made by employees and retirees of Pfizer to nonprofits organizations on a one for one basis. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)à Global Health Partnerships: Advancing Caner and Tobacco Control: The foundation support the partnership of public health in the areas of tobacco independence and oncology. It important is directed toward programs with impact serving as global models in improving cancer-related health outcomes, supporting cancer control and encouraging tobacco independence. Pfizer Animal Health Pfizer is one of the world leaders in Veterinary-prescription medicines. Pfizer supports the veterinarians and animal food producer in making sure food is healthy for animals. Making sure the food is healthy for the animal ensures they will live a longer live. Pfizer also help support the veterinary to prevent animal illness. Articles The next half of my research will be discussing articles that I have researched on about Pfizer found in different magazines. I will be at the best of my knowledge summary the article to assure your understanding. I will also attached copies of the article at the end of the paper. ââ¬Å"Will Pfizerââ¬â¢s giveaway drugs polish its public image?â⬠The first article I will summarize is ââ¬Å"Will Pfizerââ¬â¢s giveaway drugs polish its public image? This article was much unexpected. Pfizer decided to have a giveaway on drugs to reconstruct their company in August 2009. They made this service available for people who have lost their jobs. Pfizer have helped people out before financial but not a giveaway drugs day. Other pharmaceuticalà industry wants to do the same thing to help other out also. Pfizer believer this was a good way of letting the public now that curing the disease is the main thing that is important to their company. I believe this article surprise a lot of people all over the world. It was a good thing that Pfizer decide to giveaway drugs to help the people in needed. I think all pharmaceutical company should at least try this once a year to improve their rating of their company. If other company participates in these events, their sells will increase over time. Itââ¬â¢s also important that other people are concern about your health as well as yourself. This giveaway made a lot of people happy expressly the one that could afford to buy these drugs on their own. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-711307869888892652020-01-21T08:31:00.001-08:002020-01-21T08:31:03.574-08:00Gattaca The Movie And Discrimination :: essays research papers In the movie Gattaca the main character Anton was discriminated against because of his gene makeup. Anton never even had a chance in the society in Gattaca because the potential employees of companies were not tested on their skills or knowledge but on their physical and mental possibilities. The same society also used derogatory terms for people like Anton. Just because his parents decided that he would come into the world naturally instead of through gene therapy or alteration. Terms like ââ¬Å"faith birth'; and ââ¬Å"invalid'; were used against Anton. I think gene therapy has it promises, but when used in the fashion as it was used in the Gattaca I think its progress should be carefully monitored. Right now sheep and other animals are being cloned. Soon primates and Humans could be cloned. I think we should further investigate human cloning for research on the parenting process and other physiological experiments that can only be used now on identical twins separated at birth. T hese experiments when used could be used to gain insight on what our genes determine in our personalities. I also think that the achievement of us humans cloning ourselves would be a great achievement for the entire human race such as it was when we landed on the moon in 1969. à à à à à In the movie Gattaca they barely showed the moral consequences of the actions. Antonââ¬â¢s father showed more pride in his brother than Anton, but what about Anton making friends, was he doomed to be a social outcast in friendships also? The second rate swimmer so depressed by being second in a race almost committed suicide, what about him? The movie never revealed how poor nations around the world dealt with eventually becoming a nation of an inferior human race. The movie pretty much shows how Hitlerââ¬â¢s plan of creating a perfect human race would be like. à à à à à The movie does show some positives though. A longer lifetime full of health was promised to all planned pregnancies. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-40968255887211880592020-01-13T04:54:00.001-08:002020-01-13T04:54:05.035-08:00Reflective Account of My Day at Work EssayYesterday I started my day at work at 7:30 am as I was rotted for an early shift as a duty manager for that day. I am following three weeks rolling rota with my colleagues from Senior Management Team (SMT). First of my responsibilities determined by Health and Safety at Work Act as well as our own Signing in Book Policy was to sign in the signing in book. This will ensure that it is known that I am in the building. All the staff coming on duty is required to sign in that book so organisation can keep the track of who is on site for example in case of fire: ââ¬Å"Should the fire alarms go off it is the responsibility of the Team Coordinator to bring the Signing In Book to the assembly point for checkingâ⬠(Signing in Book Policy) After that I went to the team office where I joined handover from night staff to morning team. ââ¬Å"The Purpose of handover is to ensure the continuity and quality of care through good communicationâ⬠states our Staff Handovers Policy and it is a lso one of the legal requirements (NMS 17.6). Last night was quiet and all Young People had a good night sleep. After making sure that our staff levels are appropriate for the number of Young People (NMS 17.1, The Childrenââ¬â¢s Home Regulations Act 2001 and Staffing Policy: ââ¬Å"This policy has been created to ensure that each child is supported and taught appropriately and kept safe whilst accommodated within Our Placeâ⬠.) I carried out my daily checks. This includes of making sure that teams carry out health and safety checks as well as housekeeping checks. This provides prove that our company ensures clean and safe environment for Young People in our service NMS 10. I didnââ¬â¢t find any short falls in the check books so I signed them off and the next piece of documentation I checked was MAR sheets (Medication Administration Record sheets). The Childrenââ¬â¢s Home Regulations Act 2001 ââ¬â section 21 gives a very clear guidance for training, administration and record keeping of medication. Once again I didnââ¬â¢t find any faults or discrepancies. After I completed my daily checks I went to my desk in main office to catch up with my emails. After checking and replying to all my emails I started working on staffââ¬â¢s rota for currant month. Once again, as mentioned above (NMS 17.1, The Childrenââ¬â¢s Home Regulations Act 2001 and Staffing Policy: ââ¬Å"This policy has been created to ensure that each child is supported and taught appropriately and kept safe whilstà accommodated within Our Placeâ⬠.), it is my responsibility in organisation that home is staffed correctly and all the Young People are getting support required to meet their individual needs. It means booking our own staff for overtime shifts or using external agency if there are any gaps in our rota. Later on for rest of the rest of my day I was interviewing candidates for Support Worker role. Our company has got very thorough Recruitment & Selection Policy that gives a very clear guidance on the recruitment and selection process, starting with the section on ââ¬Å"assessing the need for recruitmentâ⬠and going thru all the steps of recruitment process in very detail (setting up recruitment file, advertising, sending out application packs, shortlisting candidates for interviews, interviewing, appointing candidates and eventually gaining the reference and DBS checks as part of safer recruitment and safeguarding Young People). Our Recruitment & Selection Policy is based on all relevant legislation (Childrenââ¬â¢s Act 1989, The Childrenââ¬â¢s Home Regulations Act 2001, National Minimum Standards, Keeping Children Safe in Education April 2014). In between the interviews I carried on with my electronic correspondence with Local Authorities, Parents or other external professionals and I also had my lunch break. In the afternoon I handed over everything to my colleague (Staff Handovers Policy, NMS 17.6) and I went home signing out in signing in book. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-15627483418191153252020-01-05T01:18:00.001-08:002020-01-05T01:18:03.150-08:00Emile Durkheim, the Father of Sociology Essay - 2001 Words All great things in life start off with people whom we would never have guessed imaginable. Who would have thought the study of society would have amounted to anything or become a significant part of peoples lives. In the late 1800s people had a very small mindset which involved not knowing or even caring about what the outside world was like. The people knew things occurred in their society, but they never knew why nor did they care to find out. The society was run by religion and they did not question it. A Frenchman came out with studies that showed societies were strong and could become things that people would have never imagined. He proved that within society there were numerous groups and he could pinpoint their behavior and rolesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Durkheim realized the deviance in society and concluded that there was a distinct difference in the way small towns and large cities worked together as a society. Suicide before Durkheim was an act people did to end their own lives due to multiple reasons and even sometimes accidental. Durkheim did not understand why someone would choose to end their own life. It was against social norms and he felt like there should be a clear explanation. He did not believe it was always a mental issue but in fact a direct response to the society in which the person lived in. Since a study to this extent had never been done before Durkheim was left to debate this issue alone, with many critics against his theories. He was on a trial and error process of the true definition of suicide, he had several ideas. One for example was that ââ¬Å"ââ¬Å"suicide is any death which is the immediate or eventual result of a positive (e.g., shooting oneself) or negative (e.g., refusing to eat) act accomplished by the victim himself.â⬠(Robert Alun Jones.) He felt that he had not reached the correct definition due to a valid counterargument. One problem he faced was a mother giving birth. The mother knows that she could die during childbirth but that is not the result she intends on happening, but she would sacrifice herself in order to save her child. After much debate and ideas being tossed around Durkheim decided that suicide consisted of three parts: ââ¬Å"extra-social causesâ⬠, ââ¬Å"determination ofShow MoreRelatedDavid emile Durkheim: Father of Sociology1797 Words à |à 8 Pages Throughout his life David Emile Durkheim managed to write about many aspects of life, however his most influent ial work had to do with sociology. Today he is known as the father of sociology for the innovative and revolutionary work he did. However, his works are not always easily understandable, but once understood its reach is endless. One of the questions that comes from Durkheimââ¬â¢s works is how the individual developed a sense of autonomy, how the individual was able to break out of the moldRead MoreThe Founding Fathers Of Sociology, Emile Durkheim2373 Words à |à 10 PagesThis is what one of the founding fathers of sociology , Emile Durkheim , meant when he wrote in 1895 that the establishment of a sense of community is facilitated by a class of actors who carry a stigma and sense of stigmatization and are termed ââ¬Ëdeviantââ¬â¢. Unity is provided to any collectivity by uniting against those who are seen as a common threat to the social order and morality of a group. Consequently, the stigma and the stigmatization of some persons demarcates a boundary that reinforcesRead MoreEmile Durkheim s Theory Of The Founding Fathers Of Modern Sociology841 Words à |à 4 PagesEmile Durkheim, is known as one of the founding fathers of modern sociology. Durkheim has the theory that every individual in a community, is to born to live and then die. A Durkheimian definition of community is that it has propinquity, which means residential closeness. Also has a social network where everyone in the community all know each other. Finally, a Durkheimian community must include a collective consciousness, which is when the people in the community share the same understanding of rightRead MoreThe Theories of Emile Durkkheim Essay1475 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Theories of Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim also referred to as ââ¬Å"The Father of Sociologyâ⬠(Thio, 2002), played a critical role in establishing theories based on ââ¬Å"Social Factsâ⬠(Thio, 2002) He is best known for his views of ââ¬Å"social realityâ⬠( Thio, 2002) and their ties into how a society works. He was said to be a sociologist who played an important part in the development of ââ¬Å"structural functionalismâ⬠(Thio, 2002), and sociology as a whole. His four major studies, or publications, have assuredRead MoreEssay about The Life of Emile Durkheim1371 Words à |à 6 PagesEmile Durkheim was French sociologist. He was born on April 15, 1858 in Epinal, France. Epinal is located in the Eastern French Province, Lorraine. His father, Moise was the Chief Rabbi of Epinal, Vosges, and Haute-Marne, while his mother, Melanie, worked as an embroiderer. Durkheim was the youngest of their four surviving children. Durkheimââ¬â¢s great-grandfather, grandfather, and father were all Jewish rabbis. He was expected to follow suit so at a young age he was sent to a rabbinicalRead MoreDifference Between Max Weber And Emile Durkheim1286 Words à |à 6 PagesTwo of the fathers of sociology, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, each worked to establish sociology as a distinct subject of study. However, their understandings of the underpinnings of sociology, and therefore the methods best used to study it, were very different. Together, they give the modern sociologist competing, yet complimentary, tools with which to understand social phenomena. When writing his book, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, Emile Durkheim wanted to show that empirical data could be usedRead MoreEmile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud Essay1191 Words à |à 5 PagesEmile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud Emile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud are European sociologists who studied and wrote about the affect of industrializations and with society. Emile Durkheim is known to many in the humanities and academic fields. Freud is familiar to anyone who has studied intellectual and scientific history. Durkheim and Freud believed understanding the rules of society was vital for human survival. Durkheim compares to Freud in some aspects to religion. Both Emile and Freud wereRead MoreSocial Theory Of Society By Emile Durkheim968 Words à |à 4 Pagesare. Society is define differently to Emile Durkheim, one of the first official Sociologist, he defines society as a ââ¬Å"thingâ⬠and believed that harmony, than conflict, defined society. This essay will contain information how society forms and function, in other words, how it maintains order and stability to support various relationships with one another or group collectively. Also, thoughts Durkheim has on social facts. Emile Durkheim believed in sociology, the social facts, and aspects in socialRead MoreSociology Emile Durkheim and Max Weber1495 Words à |à 6 PagesThere are many different perspectives on the growth of modernity. Society is constantly changing as more time passes by. People like Emile Durkheim and Max Weber both offer their own individual perspective on how the growth of modernity came about and how we have come to understand todayââ¬â¢s society. In the 1890s period Emile Durkheim a sociologist, in France watched the transformation of society go from a ââ¬Ëprimitiveââ¬â¢ stance into something more complex also known as ââ¬Ëorganic solidarityââ¬â¢. Max WeberRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Sociological Theorists Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx1599 Words à |à 7 PagesEmile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber are all important characters to be studied in the field of Sociology. Each one of these Sociological theorists, help in the separation of Sociology into its own field of study. The works of these three theorists is very complex and can be considered hard to understand but their intentions were not. They have their similarities along with just as many of their differences. The first theorist to consider is Karl Marx. Marx has a uniqueness all of his own Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-3259648756131607972019-12-27T21:42:00.001-08:002019-12-27T21:42:03.751-08:00Using City Directories for Genealogy Research For anyone researching ancestors in a city or larger community, standard genealogical resources often fall short. Newspapers generally mention only the influential, interesting or most newsworthy residents. Land records offer little help when researching renters. Census records dont tell the stories of individuals who moved multiple times between census years. Cities, however, offer an invaluable historical and genealogical resource not available to those of us researching rural ancestorsââ¬ânamely, city directories. City directories offer anyone conducting family history research in a city or large town a nearly annual census of city residents, as well as a window into the community in which they lived. Genealogists all know the value of placing an ancestor in a particular time and place, but city directories can also be used to follow an individuals occupation, place of employment, and place of residence, as well as potentially identify life events such as marriages and deaths. Looking beyond the names of your ancestors, city directories also provide invaluable insight into your ancestors community, often including sections on neighborhood churches, cemeteries, and hospitals, plus organizations, clubs, associations, and societies. Information Often Found in City Directories Name and occupation of head of household (often men and female widows; later single employed females)Name of spouse (often in parentheses following name of husband; mid to late 19th century)Sometimes the names of children, often only those employed outside the homeStreet name and house number of residenceOccupationWork address (if employed outside the home) Tips for Research in City Directories Abbreviations were often used in city directories to save printing space and costs. Locate (and make a copy) of the list of abbreviations, usually located near the front of the directory, to learn that n Fox St. indicates near Fox St., or that r means resides or, alternatively, rents. Properly translating the abbreviations used in a city directory is essential for correctly interpreting the information it contains. Dont miss the late listing of names received too late for inclusion in the alphabetical portion. This can usually be found located just before or after the alphabetical list of residents and may include people who had recently moved to the area (including those moving within the city limits), as well as individuals the canvasser missed on his initial visit. If youre lucky, you may find a separate list of individuals who migrated from the city (with their new location), or who died within the year. What If I Cant Find My Ancestor? Just who was included in a city directory was up to the discretion of that directorys publisher, and often varied from city to city, or over time. Generally, the earlier the directory, the less information it contains. The earliest directories may list only people of higher status, but directory publishers soon made the attempt to include everyone. Even then, however, not everyone was listed. Sometimes certain parts of town werenââ¬â¢t covered. Inclusion in a city directory was also voluntary (unlike a census), so some people may have chosen not to participate, or were missed because they werent home when the agents came calling. Make sure you have checked every available city directory for the time period when your ancestors were living in the area. People overlooked in one directory may be included in the next. Names were also often misspelled or standardized, so be sure to check name variations. If you can locate a street address for your family from a census, vital, or another record, then many directories also offer a street index. Where to Find City Directories Original and microfilmed city directories can be found in a variety of repositories, and an increasing number are being digitized and made available online. Many may be available either in original format or on microfilm in the library or historical society that covers that particular locality. Many state libraries and historical societies have large city directory collections as well. Major research libraries and archives such as the Library of Congress, Family History Library, and American Antiquarian Society also maintain large collections of microfilmed city directories, for locations across the United States. Over 12,000 city directories for cities across the United States, most from the collection of the Library of Congress, have been microfilmed by Primary Source Media as City Directories of the United States. Their online collection guide lists the cities and directory years included in the collection. The Family History Library Catalog also lists a large collection of city directories, most of which can be borrowed on microfilm for viewing at your local Family History Center. Where to Find Old City Directories Online A large number of city directories can be searched and viewed online, some for free and others as part of various subscription genealogy collections. Large Online City Directory Collections Ancestry.com has one of the largest online collections of city directories, with a focus on coverage between the 1880 and 1900 U.S. federal census, as well as 20th century data. Their U.S. City Directories collection (subscription) offers good search results, but for best results browse directly to the city of interest and then page through the available directories rather than relying on search. The City Directories collection online at subscription-based website Fold3, includes directories for thirty large metropolitan centers in twenty U.S. states. As with the collection at Ancestry.com, better results are achieved by browsing the directories manually rather than relying on search. The Historical Directories Searchable Library is a free website from the University of Leicester in England, with a nice collection of digitized reproductions of local and trade directories for England and Wales for the period 1750ââ¬â1919. Additional Online Sources for City Directories A number of local and university libraries, state archives and other repositories have digitized city directories and made them available online. Use search terms such as city directory and [your locality name] to find them via your favorite search engine. A number of historical city directories can also be found through online sources for digitized books, such as Internet Archive, Haithi Digital Trust, and Google Books. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-18012478121162032302019-12-19T17:31:00.001-08:002019-12-19T17:31:03.292-08:00Abuse Of Prescription Stimulants An Annotated Bibliography Abuse of Prescription Stimulants in College Students: An Annotated Bibliography Arria, Amelia, Ph.D. Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants What College Administrators, Parents, and Students Need to Know. Center on Young Adult Health and Development, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2015. The use and abuse of prescription stimulants is not only focused on one specific level of students it affects as young as 8th graders in high school who wish to accomplish a high level of academic performance to reach the so called ââ¬Å"success in lifeâ⬠. In 2011 Dr. Arria said that, ââ¬Å"Students believe in the myth that by using prescription stimulants nonmedically, students can improve their cognitive performance and gain a competitive edge. When in reality, Experimental research has shown mixed findings on the performance effect of prescription stimulants among study volunteers with no attention difficulties. There is much uncertainty about their effectiveness due to dosage issues, individual differences, expectancy of the effect, and type of task. Thus, it is unlikely that these drugs can improve academic performance in the long runâ⬠(Arria). Dr. Arria also explained that students who also abuse cannabis also with excessive drinking will play a role in the effect on the medication taken, students are most common to take Adderall or Ritalin. These prescription medications are used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Smith, Kayla. Adderall Addiction and Abuse - PrescriptionShow MoreRelatedThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words à |à 136 PagesNew York have been contacted via email and by attempted phone contact. At this moment there has been one returned email from the EWGA( Executive Women s Golf Association). They have stated it is possible to advertise on their website which is annotated in the New York folder labeled EWGA Sponsor Opportunities and in the Appendix Email 1 Magazines In the folder Labeled New York there is another folder called PDF US Advertising files. These files contain all the information the magazines Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-15887304435384848602019-12-11T14:13:00.001-08:002019-12-11T14:13:03.377-08:00Accounting Principle Technological Changes Question: Discuss about the Accounting Principle for Technological Changes. Answer: Introduction The society has evolved through various technological changes in last two decades. The organization earlier needed a wide range of employees for administrative functions have now adopted integrated management system to manage their activities in real time with fewer employees. This phenomenon has also affected the accounting professionals. The Accounting professionals have always embraced technological innovation for performing their task more efficiently, effectively and accurately. Throughout the history accounting professionals for calculating simply and quickly have used clay tablets, then adding machines and calculators on 19th Century to the computers on 20th Century. The pace of technological development in recent times has increased thus changing the business and professional landscape very rapidly (Taipaleenmki Ikheimo,2013). Thus adopting to these technological changes rapidly is the biggest challenge for accounting professionals. The technological changes have necessitated the accounting professionals to broaden their education and skills. There may be other effects of the information technology innovation on accounting professionals. But no details study has been made to answer the question of impact of future technological innovation on accounting professionals in Australia. It is not possible to predict the future with certainty but there are certain measures that can be adopted so that burden of technological changes could be minimized and benefit derived from such changes could be maximized. This measures includes being informed about new technological innovations and assessing their impact on accounting profession. In this report an attempt has been made to study and evaluate the impact of technological changes on the skills, Ethics and carrier opportunity of accountants. Technological Innovations and Accounting Profession In recent decades there are numerous technological innovations that have taken place. But among them there are few path breaking technological innovations that have reshaped the accounting profession (Drew, 2015). Mobility The recent developments in information technology have changed the way business functions. The modern workplace has changed; employees have become increasingly interconnected and have access to information at their finger tip. The wireless networks, operating systems and application system have enabled access to information anywhere and anytime. Espousal by Accounting professionals. The Accountants have adopted this mobile technology for providing effective and efficient service to their clients. It has allowed the professional to be always connected with their business and client from any place (Zeff, 2003). So the opportunities provided to the accounting professionals by this technological advancement are: Connected workplace; Improvement in efficiency and productivity; Smooth communication with client thus helping to provide better service; There are certain challenges faced by accounting professionals due to this technological improvement. They are: It is necessary to have proper understanding of the communication service and devise that are suitable for the purpose. This requires continuous study and broadening of knowledge; There is a growing concern about cyber security and theft of information; As internet becomes more pervasive it will lead to change in working pattern. Social cooperation In last two decades social media has grown tremendously and the scope its of use has also widened over the years. It was initially just used for sharing pictures and information but the development of social media sites for instant messaging, blogging; crowd sourcing etc. has made social media sites hugely popular. As the social media sites started to attract large audience the business organization started to exploit these sites for gaining popularity and attract customers (Suddaby, et. al., 2015). Espousal by Accounting professionals. The social collaboration and new possibilities has reshaped accounting profession. The professionals are increasingly using crowd sourcing sites for improving and developing their services. The businesses all over are using social tools to collaborate with their clients as this are becoming new norms so accountants are also expected to collaborate with through social platforms. The professionals are required to reassess their working methods and business model in the light of new technological improvement. Accounting Professionals are required to: Develop new skills; become accustomed to changing professional requirements; and Educate and enforce better controls for governance. Big Data As per study every day 2.5 quintillion bytes of data is created from various sources. This data if collected and analyzed can help businesses to make better decision and effective planning. The big Information Technology giants like Google, IBM etc have used this data to their advantage by generating sales, personalizing products, making services more efficient, achieving higher productivity and customer satisfaction (Vasarhelyi et. al., 2015). Espousal by Accounting professionals. As huge volume of information is generated from every business activity so accountants are required to: Analyze the data critically so that meaning information could be derived from huge volume of data; Find new way to manage this huge volume of data; Audit and analyze complex data; Find innovative ways to estimate cost and return on investment. Cyber Security The organizations have become reliant on digital information this has exposed them to modern threats of data theft, hacking, infectious files in the system etc. The theft of digital information has become more common than physical theft and also a recent study has shown that medium and small enterprise are less digitally secure so are prone to more cyber attacks (Chou, 2013). Espousal by Accounting professionals. The use of internet has increased so also the risk of data security. To prevent data theft and other cyber crimes various data security tolls have been developed. Most of the prevalent security models reactive thus providing advantage to cyber criminals. So countering this cyber threats requires the accountant to: take more active steps to mitigate threat ; review its cyber security on a regular basis by taking into consideration new risks and threats; and Integrate cyber security with the business model. Virtual Reality Augmented Reality helps in enhancing perception of real environment. Virtual experiences are becoming interactive thus accounts are required to deal with new threats and opportunity. Espousal by Accounting professionals. A need for change is felt so the accounting professionals are required to prepare or a change in education, customer service, data processing and analysis. Accountants are required to Find innovative ways of attracting talent and training; Developing new ways of conducting with the help of virtual reality. Cloud Computing The internet has evolved from being computing machine to networking machine. It has now interactive computing platforms that are connected online to provide internet based technology resources such as softwares, applications etc. The accounting package system was one of the first software that became available online and since then various softwares as service is becoming available online. Espousal by Accounting professionals. The cloud technology has the potential to provide immense benefit to the business. The accountants can use this technology pro actively to make better strategic decision and gain advantage. The Accountants are required to: Asses the actual cost of implementing cloud technology; elucidate domestic and international tax regulation ; and Obtain detail price data from infrastructure vendors. Skill Development and Carrere Opportunity of Accounting Professionals The technological innovations have made it necessary for Accountants to continuously learn and new skills along with traditional accounting knowledge (Pan Seow, 2016). There are increasing needs for accounting professionals to collaborate and work in a virtual environment. This requires the accountant to develop a new type of inter personal skill that are quite different from traditional communication skills. The Accounting professionals of this century are not only required to use technology but the professionals are also expected to deal with challenges and exploit opportunities arising from technology (Henry Hicks, 2015). Accounting profession was one of the safest careers to be perused in Australia. But as the number of student perusing accounting courses has increased the employability for accounting professional has decreased (Cernusca Balaciu, 2015). This huge increase in accounting graduates has made a demand supply imbalance. The supply has far exceeded demand thus reducing the value of accounting profession. Accounting Profession can be broadly classified in four major fields they are Public Accountants; Government Accountants; Management Accountants and Auditors. The public Accountants mainly work in the field of audit and tax. The big accounting firms usually employ public accountants having master degree in accounts. Management Accountants main function is reporting, planning and decision making (Murphy, 2015). An individual having bachelors degree with professional qualification is preferred for this position. Government Accountants work in various department of government organization and a bachelors degree is preferred. Auditors are required to establish internal control, develop accounting systems etc. Thus a professional degree is preferred for this position (Apostolo et. al., 2015). In this report an analysis is made on the current requirement of skills that an accountant need to posses. This analysis is done on the basis of advertisement of accounting jobs that are available online. The study has shown that the accountants are required to have the following sets of skills to increase their employability: For most senior accounting position being a Chartered Accountant or Certified Public Accountant is mandatory; For intermediary positions having a bachelors degree is mandatory; An accountant is also expected to have advanced knowledge in excel and other MS office suite. In many cases it was observed that being having knowledge in SAP s preferred but not mandatory; Apart from academic skills importance is also given to interpersonal skills; All the job advertisement requires an accountant to be an excellent communicator; Should have the ability to work in team and lead the team; An accountant is also expected to work accurately under pressure and strict deadline. This analysis has shown that expectation from an Accountant has broadened. It is not only expected that an Accountant should have sound knowledge in finance but it is also expected that they have an overall characteristic of being friendly, good communicator, a team man and a problem solver. Ethics in Accounting Profession The financial information of an enterprise is monitored and controlled by the Accountants. The roles of accountants have come under public scrutiny after recent debacles and collapse of important organizations. As per Walsh (2014) the ethical role of accounts is not only important for internal functioning of an enterprise but it is also similarly important for outsiders. The Accounting professionals are expected to act in public interest (Sharpe, 2016). They have a unique responsibility of providing professional service to their clients and also an accountant is required to be truthful and uncompromising in providing financial information to the public. The Accounting professionals are required to follow the fundamental principles of objectivity, integrity, confidentiality, professional behavior, professional competence and due care (Welsh et. al., 2015). Objectivity and independence are important ethical values for an accountant. An accountant should be free from conflict of interest while providing its services otherwise it may hamper his/her ability to provide an objective accounts of the company. Integrity is an important principle that requires the accountant to be honest in providing financial information. An Accountant is required to maintain confidentiality of informations that are statutorily not required to be disclosed by an accountant. An account usually has access to vital information regarding a business thus this ethical principle is very essential and is always required to be followed. An Accountant is required to take due care of all the technical and ethical standards. Due care means exercising diligence, competence and having complete understanding of financial information presented. The need to follow Ethical principles has increase with improvement in technology because it has become easier for an accountant to manipulate information and indulge in window dressing of financial statement (Andon et. al., 2015). The advancement of technology can also be misused by the accounting professionals thus a strong moral and ethical principle can act as a deferent for those indulging in unethical activities (Traisatru, 2016). Conclusion The technological landscape has changed so is the Accounting profession. The recent development of accounting softwares has made maintaining accounts an easy task. The higher level of skills and knowledge once required for doing basis accounting work can now be done with little knowledge in accounting. Thus it can be argued that bookkeeping has become so easy due to advancement of softwares that one need not be a professional accountant to do be a bookkeeper. But the overall scope of the accounting profession has broadened bringing forth new challenges that requires accountant to learn new sets of skills. The accounting skills may provide excellent career opportunity but the employability of bachelors in accounting has reduced due to demand supply imbalance in job market. But in spite of this an accounting profession has wide variety of career path to choose from. An accountant can work for public accounting firm, public sector, self employed and small business. A highly qualified ac countant is employed as directors of the company, board member, chief executive officer and many other senior posts. It can be concluded that a degree in Accountancy offers a lucrative, challenging and dynamic career. Reference Andon, P., Free, C., Scard, B. (2015). Pathways to accountant fraud: Australian evidence and analysis.Accounting Research Journal,28(1), 10-44. Apostolou, B., Dorminey, J. W., Hassell, J. M., Rebele, J. E. (2015). Accounting education literature review (20132014).Journal of Accounting Education,33(2), 69-127. Chou, T. S. (2013). Security threats on cloud computing vulnerabilities.International Journal of Computer Science Information Technology,5(3), 79.Drew, J., (2015). Keep Pace with Tech Changes. Journal of Accountancy, 220(4), p.20. Henry, B. Hicks, M., (2015). A Survey of Perspectives on the Future of the Accounting Profession. The CPA Journal, 85(8), p.6. Murphy, G., (2015). A vision for the future: by using the most current technology and keeping their skills up to date, management accountants can enhance their careers and their organizations. Strategic Finance, 97(4), pp.62-64. Pan, G. Seow, P.S., (2016). Preparing accounting graduates for digital revolution: A critical review of information technology competencies and skills development. Journal of Education for Business, pp.1-10. Sharpe, M., (2016). Investigating How Religiosity, Ethics, and Other Factors Relate to Future Accounting and Business Professionals' Views on Work-Life Balance.Ethics (January 22, 2016). Suddaby, R., Saxton, G.D. Gunz, S., (2015). Twittering change: The institutional work of domain change in accounting expertise. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 45, pp.52-68. Taipaleenmki, J., Ikheimo, S. (2013). On the convergence of management accounting and financial accountingthe role of information technology in accounting change.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(4), 321-348. Traistaru, D.A., (2016). Perceptions Concerning Professional Judgement And Ethics In The Evolution Of The Accounting Profession. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 4(10), pp.126-135. Vasarhelyi, M. A., Kogan, A., Tuttle, B. M. (2015). Big data in accounting: An overview.Accounting Horizons,29(2), 381-396. Walsh, J., (2014). The Role of Ethics in a Future Accounting Career. Welsh, D. T., Ordez, L. D., Snyder, D. G., Christian, M. S. (2015). The slippery slope: How small ethical transgressions pave the way for larger future transgressions.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(1), 114. Zeff, S. A. (2003). How the US accounting profession got where it is today: Part I.Accounting Horizons,17(3), 189-205. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-61008180618404755502019-12-04T01:55:00.001-08:002019-12-04T01:55:04.506-08:00Management at Stamford Hospital Introduction Stamford Hospital is one of the leading hospitals in healthcare provision in Stamford and across Connecticut. The hospital is a nonprofit organization and it has been in the business for more than 100 years. Stamford Hospital is said to have created about 2300 job opportunities for health care providers (Stamford Hospital, 2014). Its vision is to offer quality health care services to its patients.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management at Stamford Hospital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The hospital uses new technology in its operations and it is one of the Planetree Alliance member hospitals. The Planetree Alliance members are obliged to provide patient-centered services, and this assertion means that all members must focus on maximizing their patientsââ¬â¢ satisfaction. The hospital provides medical services in areas such as cancer treatment, cardiac services, orthopedics, and general heal th (Stamford Hospital, 2014). Stamford Hospital is a partner of the New York-Presbyterian Healthcare System and a key training partner of the Columbia University, which offers medical courses. The hospital has an employee development program that mainly focuses on equipping workers with the right skills to achieve its corporate goals (Stamford Hospital, 2014). The hospital recorded its first positive profit margin in 2004 and since then it has posted promising results on its financial accounts. The hospitalââ¬â¢s success in the past few years has been attributed to good management. This paper will analyze the companyââ¬â¢s management, assess the gaps in the management, and provide some recommendations for future improvement. Employeesââ¬â¢ career development opportunities For managers and other personnel to accomplish their duties and achieve a corporationââ¬â¢s goals, an education program is necessary to equip them with skills to handle new challenges that come up in th e course of executing their duties (Frampton Charmel, 2008). Additionally corporate culture becomes obsolete with time, and thus a corporate culture that was successful at one point may not be effective at some other time in the future (Newmark, 2006). In order for a business to achieve its corporate goals, career development should be embraced. Managers should be well equipped with the necessary skills and technical knowhow to handle different situations. At Stamford, a non-discriminative training program is in place to offer lifetime training to managers and other staff members (Heuer, 2004). The program is based on the corporate culture of the organization and it mostly focuses on new employee orientation, new manager orientation, and other staff development training amongst others (Stamford Hospital, 2014).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More New staff recruitment in the ho spital is done by the human resources department, which is composed of technical staff in the area of staff management. The hospital considers both skills and the ability of an individual staff to fit in the corporate culture within which the company is established. In addition, the hospital assesses the ability and attitudes of the candidate towards teamwork, accountability, and respect for other staff members and patients (Stamford Hospital, 2014). The aforementioned factors considered during the hiring process ensure that only the right staff members join the hospitalââ¬â¢s workforce, this leading to increased patient satisfaction. The major components of the training program are discussed below. New Employee Orientation The hospital management provides every new staff with a 3-days training that centers on the nature of the corporate culture in the organization. The program enables new employees to understand the spirit in the organization coupled with preparing them for thei r new tasks. Additionally, new employees get firsthand information on the hospitalââ¬â¢s mission, vision, and values. Given that Stamford Hospital works under the Planetree philosophy of patient-centered care, the 3-days orientation program assists the new staff members to understand the organizationââ¬â¢s major goal, which is to ensure patient satisfaction and the role they owe the hospital regarding the accomplishment of that goal (Heuer, 2004). The program also introduces the new staff members to the code of ethics that guides every employee in the company. This aspect is crucial since it defines the ââ¬Å"dosâ⬠and ââ¬Å"donââ¬â¢tsâ⬠in the organization. The overall result of the orientation program is that it brings all the staff members together to work as a team in a bid to achieve a common goal (Daft Marcic, 2005). The orientation program is important since the employees are drawn from different cultural and religious backgrounds, and thus it welcomes t he new staff to the company and establishes a bond between them. New Manager Orientation The success or failure of a business venture depends on the management (Frampton Charmel, 2008). On the other hand, poor management leads to a businessââ¬â¢ failure while good management leads to success.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management at Stamford Hospital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stamford Hospital is aware of this view and thus it has introduced a ââ¬Å"new manager-training program, which provides new managers with a general overview of the hospitalââ¬â¢s human resources policies and procedures, budgets, corporate compliance, and Kronos timekeepingâ⬠(Stamford Hospital, 2014, par.17). Through the program, new managers meet and interact with other new and senior managers and engage in an open discussion where each person has a chance to contribute his or her ideas. Regular assessment of the n ew managers is done for a period of one year in a bid to ensure that shortfalls and deviations are detected in time. The Leadership Academy This program is ââ¬Å"only accessible to leaders and managers from different levels in the organizationâ⬠(Stamford Hospital, 2014, par. 18). The program aims at supplementing the leadership skills already possessed by the leaders with some new skills with the sole aim of increasing their efficiency. The program takes in classroom work in fields that relate to strategic management and it centers mainly on maximizing performance coupled with binding managers from different levels in order to achieve the corporate goals. Training is offered under the watch of the hospitalââ¬â¢s staff members if not outsourced (Newmark, 2006). The aim of the training may be strategic goal alignment, talent retention, teamwork, health work relations, motivation, and visionary leadership among others (Frampton Charmel, 2008). Online Training In addition to the aforementioned courses, the hospital also offers online courses to its employees. The courses that the hospital offers to its staff members through the new technology include sexual bullying, corporate acquiescence, handling emergency cases, patient wellbeing, and cultural diversity among others. Staff Development training This program aims at developing skills and competence amongst the junior staff members. The program offers courses designed to improve the employeesââ¬â¢ skills coupled with boosting their job satisfaction. The courses are designed in such a way that they address changes in the business environment so that employees are flexible enough to tackle challenges that arise in their line of duty (Daft Marcic, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This program is continuous and it runs throughout the employeeââ¬â¢s tenure in the hospital on top of covering areas acknowledged as fundamental to thriving performance (Frampton Charmel, 2008). All employees are encouraged to enroll in employee empowerment courses, which are accessible to all people. Courses such as conflict management and communication are offered in this program. Managing staff turnover The hospital has a supporting program for incoming nurses known as the Graduates Engaged Mastering Succeeding (GEMS) program (Heuer, 2004). ââ¬ËGEMSââ¬â¢ is a 12 week program and aims at ensuring successful transition of fresh health care professionals into the work environment. Throughout the 12 weeks, the nurses are trained on the hospitalââ¬â¢s policies and procedures. Each nurse is assigned an experienced mentor who guides him or her through the orientation process. The program ensures smooth transition from a mere student to a practicing nurse. Once hired, a nurs e is under obligation to enroll for a BSN degree program within the first year of service in the hospital (Newmark, 2006). The course goes on for five years after which the nurse will be highly knowledgeable and competent. The mentors continue to guide the nurses even after the orientation period. Such support provides an incentive for competent nurses to remain in the hospital. In addition, the hospital also offers competitive salary to its staff depending on the position held. The high pay and employee development programs adopted by the company provide incentives for staff members to remain in the hospital, thus retaining the best employees. Fringe benefits are also offered to the staff aimed at increasing their morale and motivation. Outpatient vs. inpatient services In the recent past, the Stamford Hospitalââ¬â¢s management has shifted its focus from investing in inpatient to outpatient facilities (Stamford Hospital, 2014). The reason behind this new development is that tech nological advancements have characterized the health sector, thus improving surgical treatments. This aspect has led to a decrease in inpatient cases. The hospital has employed extra physicians to increase efficiency of its outpatient services. The company is said to derive more revenue from outpatient services than it does from inpatient services. Criticism Critics have been alleging that nonprofit organizations pay their managers huge amounts of money in the name of retaining the best talents (Frampton Charmel, 2008). This allegation results in high cost of health care provision. Stamford Hospital, as one of the nonprofit organizations, is no exception. The company is claimed to have paid Brian Grisslerââ¬â¢s, the then company CEO, fringe benefits amounting to $618,000, which represented a 400 percent increase compared to the previous year. The hospitalââ¬â¢s management holds that in order to retain experienced staff, it must pay them huge amounts of cash. Such huge salarie s have been cited as the major reasons for the rise of health care costs, thus leading to inaccessibility of healthcare services by the poor in society. Considering the view that Stamford Hospital is a member of the Planetree Alliance where customer satisfaction is the key objective, the hospital may not be in a position to achieve this important goal owing to the high costs of its services (Daft Marcic, 2005). Statistics indicate that more than 400,000 people in Connecticut do not have a health care insurance policy, and thus the high cost of health care resulting from this exorbitant CEOsââ¬â¢ pay may lead to reduced customer satisfaction (Spinelli, 2006). The hospital has also been criticized for neglecting its employees (Heuer, 2004). As aforementioned, the hospital is a member of the Planetree Alliance, which requires member hospitals to ensure patient satisfaction at all costs. The hospital has been accused of working towards ensuring patient satisfaction and overlooking i ts employeesââ¬â¢ needs (Newmark, 2006). This aspect has led to poor morale amongst the employees, this resulting in high staff turnover rate. Loss of experienced staff members means that the hospital may not be in a position to meet its key objective of ensuring customer satisfaction in the end. The hospitalââ¬â¢s nursing department has also been criticized for malpractices in giving promotions. Critics claim that promotions in the department are based on friendship as opposed to merit. In this department, workersââ¬â¢ experience is not considered and often the old workers are disregarded and in most cases bullied by younger supervisors who find themselves into management positions through unmerited means (Frampton Charmel, 2008). Recommendations The hospital should set up a committee to assess and determine salaries to be given to each employee based on his or her work requirements. The committee should also consider the salaries paid to other staff members holding simil ar positions in other similar hospitals. Such comparison will help to avert cases of CEOs in the hospital earning higher amounts of money as compared to their counterparts in other hospitals. At Stamford Hospital, it is alleged that Grissler, the companyââ¬â¢s CEO, earned $376,000 more than the CEO of Hartford Hospital despite the latter being charged with more responsibilities than Grissler and the Hartford Hospital earning almost 3 times more than the Stamford Hospital (Newmark, 2006). Both customer satisfaction and employeesââ¬â¢ satisfaction are two conflicting interests (Heuer, 2004). Achievement of one of the two goals may hinder the achievement of the other. The hospital management should balance the two conflicting issues without overlooking the employeesââ¬â¢ satisfaction as this trend may lead to reduced morale and failure to meet the patientsââ¬â¢ needs. The hospital management should engage its employees in making key decisions and establish good communicatio n channels. Good communication between employees and the management will assist managers to understand the employeesââ¬â¢ feelings on the corporate culture that is currently in place, hence evoke the possibility of revising it or even dropping it all together. The hospital should offer promotions based on merit as opposed to favors. Each nurse should have equal opportunity to be promoted. Performance and experience should be assessed and the best performing staff selected (Frampton Charmel, 2008). Harassment and bullying in the nursing department should be illegalized and each worker should be free to report such cases to the top management. Conclusion Stamford Hospital is one of the leading hospitals in the provision of healthcare services in Connecticut. Its management is focused on two main issues, viz. patientsââ¬â¢ satisfaction and employeesââ¬â¢ empowerment. However, customer satisfaction is highly acknowledged since the hospital is a member of the Planetree Alliance whose main emphasize is on patient satisfaction. The hospital has recorded success in the past one decade probably due to good management. The hospital provides its employees with career development opportunities through training programs. The companyââ¬â¢s focus is to retain experienced employees so that customer satisfaction can be achieved. However, the hospital faces criticism over mistreatment of its workers and discrimination of a certain group of workers during promotion. It has also been accused of paying its CEOs hefty amounts of cash in the name of retaining the best talents. References Daft, L., Marcic, D. (2005). Understanding management. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Frampton, B., Charmel, P. (2008). Putting patients first: best practices in patient-centered care. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Heuer, J. (2004). Hospital accreditation and patient satisfaction: testing the relationship. Journal for healthcare quality, 26(1), 46-51. Newmark, J. (2006). From talk to action: what performance improvement is really all about. Radiology management, 29(3), 18-30. Spinelli, R. (2006). The applicability of Bassââ¬â¢s model of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership in the hospital administrative environment. Hospital topics, 84(2), 11-19. Stamford Hospital: About Stamford Hospital. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.stamfordhealth.org/about/ This essay on Management at Stamford Hospital was written and submitted by user Jadon Brooks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-71614013308873320282019-11-27T21:37:00.001-08:002019-11-27T21:37:05.046-08:00A Robust Misunderstanding of the American Dream free essay sample Ronald Regan once professed, ââ¬Å"The American dream is that every man must be free to become whatever God intends him to become.â⬠Under this idea of the American dream, opportunities prove boundless. Every American has the freedom to explore any of his individual passions with the feasible probability of material comfort. In its essence, the American dream is a profound concept, as it provided the foremost illustration of equal-opportunity in our modern world. The Roaring Twenties, however, tested the waters of this idealistic notion of self-prompted prosperity. With its lavish parties and cultural decadence, the Jazz Era exemplified the deficiency of integrity among upper-class citizens. The American dream had become skewed by self-gratification and indolence, rather than the complete expression of hard work in order to overcome disadvantaged odds and achieve success. A keen observer of such distorted values, F. Scott Fitzgerald constructed the novel The Great Gatsby with e fforts to shed light on his observations. We will write a custom essay sample on A Robust Misunderstanding of the American Dream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Despite the novelââ¬â¢s widespread popularity and literary acclaim, some critics did not care for the novel. At any rate, Fitzgerald intended to write a novel to highlight the lopsided sense of morality among the upper-class members of society. Gatsbyââ¬â¢s obsession with unimportant objects, like money and material luxuries, demonstrates his lack of morality as a wealthy character of the Jazz Age (ââ¬Å"F. Scott Fizgeraldââ¬â¢s True Purpose for Jay Gatsbyâ⬠).As a symbolic paradigm of his lack of ethics, Gatsby dies an obscenely prosperous member of society, but without love, happiness, or family.Due to the fact that he never established proper moral principles, he became obsessed with capital and self-love throughout the course of his life.This overabundance of self-focus becomes fully manifested in the fact that hardly anyone shows up to his funeral.Ultimately, Fitzgerald wanted to show that money does not outweigh integrity in terms of importance, and he follows accordingly through Gatsbyââ¬â¢s love of self and elaborate indulgences. Likewise, the manner by which Gatsby acquires his wealth reveals the authorââ¬â¢s assessment of the vast exploitation of the American dream during the Roaring Twenties (ââ¬Å"F. Scott Fitzgerald and the American Dreamâ⬠).Jay Gatsby makes a living through his business with Meyer Wolfsheim, a powerful black-market criminal and an illustrious bootlegger.When Gatsby introduces Nick Carraway to Meyer Wolfsheim, Wolfsheim says, ââ¬Å"I understand youââ¬â¢re looking for a business gonnegtionâ⬠(Fitzgerald 42).Nick Carraway, the only consistently honest character throughout the whole novel, politely declines to get into business with Wolfsheim.This single moment provides a glimpse into the window of the authorââ¬â¢s purpose. Nick Carraway, the character that represents decency and moral respectability, refuses to become rich through illegal activities. He chooses, rather, to follow the American Dream in the traditional sense, and keep his well-earned occupation. Essenti ally, through the character of Gatsby, the author intends to rebuke the common misapplication of the American dream. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald effectively portrays the ills of the affluent class in the Jazz Age.With the end of World War I, a new wave of young-adults was introduced to the distinctive side-effects of a war-torn generation (ââ¬Å"Jazz Age Influence in The Great Gatsbyâ⬠).Flapper culture began to set its course and became an advancement for womenââ¬â¢s rights.Jazz music became increasingly popular, progressively influencing popular culture as a whole. While these boisterous times seemed exciting through an immediate lens, the broader picture was met by a clashing sense of debasement and corruption.The prohibition of alcohol gave rise to widespread bootlegging and other illegal activities (ââ¬Å"The Roaring Twentiesâ⬠).Many of these defining characteristics of the Roaring Twenties and the Jazz Era are strongly reflected in The Great Gatsby.The novelââ¬â¢s portrayal of Gatsbyââ¬â¢s extravagant parties, the bootlegging scene, and the fancy automobiles on the 19 20ââ¬â¢s all stem from the authorââ¬â¢s witness of the culture.In general, members of the well-heeled estate began to disrupt the integrity of the American Dream. The authorââ¬â¢s background provides the novel with a framework for many characters.For one, Fitzgeraldââ¬â¢s experience proves revealingly outward within the character of Jay Gatsby (ââ¬Å"Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald: Artist, Dancer and Wifeâ⬠).Jay Gatsby serves in the military, briefly attends a prestigious university, and eventually drops out.Though the sequence of events occurred in a different order, F. Scott Fitzgerald did all of the previously-mentioned undertakings. Additionally, the character of Daisy Buchanan symbolizes the authorââ¬â¢s real-life love interest, Zelda Sayre. Initially, Zelda Sayre broke off her engagement with F. Scott Fitzgerald due to his lack of affluence. Fitzgerald worked tirelessly to produce a novel, This Side of Paradise, in order to acquire enough wealth to earn the affection of Zelda Sayre.In a similar fashion, Daisy Buchanan could not marry Gatsby, because he lacked wealth and material possessions. A little more romanticized than the au thorââ¬â¢s life, Gatsby devotes the rest of his life to attain enough fortune to earn the love of Daisy Buchanan. These obvious parallels of the authorââ¬â¢s real-life experiences help the readers to contextualize the fullness of the novel. While Fitzgeraldââ¬â¢s novel was almost universally appraised, not all critics took a liking to The Great Gatsby. In 1925, H.L. Mencken wrote a review in The Chicago Tribune, where he belittles the novel (ââ¬Å"H.L. Menckens 1925 review of The Great Gatsbyâ⬠). Mencken, an avid fan of Fitzgeraldââ¬â¢s This Side of Paradise, disliked The Great Gatsbyââ¬â¢s so-called lack of meaning. He claims that the novel merely tells a suspenseful story without any deeper substance for the readers to ponder, ââ¬Å"Scott Fitzgeralds new novel, The Great Gatsby is in form no more than a glorified anecdote, and not too probable at thatâ⬠(Mencken). While this review stands merely as a reference, the novel received praise from most literary critics. Altogether, Fitzgerald sought to write a novel in order underline the skewed sense of morality among the upper-class members of society. Jay Gatsbyââ¬â¢s obsession with insignificant material items determines his lack of morality as a wealthy character of the Jazz Age. The illegal manner by which Gatsby acquires his wealth reveals the authorââ¬â¢s critique of the systemic manipulation of the American dream during the Roaring Twenties. In addition, Fitzgerald effectively portrays the ills of the affluent class in the Jazz Age. Lastly, the authorââ¬â¢s background provides the novel with a framework for many characters. Despite the upper-classââ¬â¢ frequent misinterpretation of the American dream, self-prompted success is still alive and well for those who desire it. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-58642325040095944222019-11-24T05:12:00.001-08:002019-11-24T05:12:05.019-08:00What Do Passovers 4 Questions Have to Do with Our Modern LivesWhat Do Passovers 4 Questions Have to Do with Our Modern Lives Passover started last Monday night and I was fortunate enough to attend a lovely seder (traditional Passover meal) with a family here in Madison. What especially impressed me was that they were open to discussing the contemporary implications of the traditional ââ¬Å"four questionsâ⬠(which are actually one question followed by four answers). The Four Questions Why is this night different from all other nights? On all other nights we eat leavened products and matzah [unleavened, cardboard-like ââ¬Å"breadâ⬠], and on this night only matzah. On all other nights we eat all vegetables, and on this night only bitter herbs. On all other nights, we dont dip our food even once, and on this night we dip twice. On all other nights we eat sitting or reclining, and on this night we only recline. The explanation for each of the four items goes something like this: We eat matzah because the bread on the backs of the Jews fleeing Egypt did not have enough time to rise. The bitter herbs remind us of the bitterness of slavery in Egypt. Dipping karpas (potato, onion, or other vegetable) into saltwater reminds us that the joy of spring was tempered by the tears we cried while in Egypt. Similarly, the charoset (fruit-nut paste) into which the bitter herbs are dipped reminds us of the cement we used to create the bricks in Egypt. Again, a mix of sweetness and bitterness. Reclining like ââ¬Å"royaltyâ⬠is a way to commemorate our freedom. Now you might be saying, Thanks for the lesson in Jewish religion, but what does any of this have to do with business or job search activities? Well, let me tell you. The Four Questions in Our Modern Lives Remembering the matzah means remembering that if we rush around without giving ourselves time and space for our bread to rise, we will end up with a cardboard life. Itââ¬â¢s the equivalent of sending out a mediocre resume or blindly taking action in a business without stepping back to strategize and consider the implications of those actions. Will we get results? Sure. But maybe not the robust ones weââ¬â¢re hoping for. Itââ¬â¢s important during Passover to actually EAT matzah, not just avoid leavened food. Why? Because if we donââ¬â¢t eat the unleavened bread we will forget not to eat leavened food. Itââ¬â¢s like saying Oh, Iââ¬â¢ll remember to call x person back but not putting it on the calendar, then realizing at the end of the day that it never happened. Or saying I wonââ¬â¢t spend 3 hours on Facebook today but failing to put any structures in place to make that happen. If we donââ¬â¢t eat the matzah- if we donââ¬â¢t create a structure for remembering- we are in danger of forgetting and falling into our routine lives. Does this ring true for you? We all have bitter moments to remember in our lives. We have been rejected for our dream jobs. We have had clients asking for refunds. We have made poor, often costly decisions. We have had great ideas that bombed. Itââ¬â¢s important to remember the bitterness of those moments, even as we move on into freer and more successful times. We will then appreciate our successes more and have greater perspective when things take what seems like a bitter turn. On Passover we dip a symbol of new growth into a symbol of sadness, then dip something bitter into something sweet yet representative of pain. Perhaps we dip twice because if we only dipped once we would forget. Forget how growing pains are not just something we have as children, but a fact of life for anyone committed to their own personal development. Forget that every move forward requires letting go of the way it was before. A new job might mean saying goodbye to trusted colleagues or spending less time at home with the kids. Taking on more leadership might mean leaving a comfort zone that was, well, comfortable. Life is a mix of bitter and sweet always, and if we forget, if we start expecting it to be some other way, we are likely to become even more bitter. The commandment to recline like royalty is a great reminder to take care of ourselves and allow ourselves to be taken care of. It means taking a break from rushing around without allowing time for the bread to rise. Whatever it represents for you, consider in this season giving yourself the gift of luxuriating just a little in the abundance and joy that surrounds you. I would love to hear your interpretation of Passover or Easter themes and how they relate to your personal or professional lives. Please share! Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-7078240398935432892019-11-21T06:39:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:39:03.797-08:00Transition to Walsh College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsTransition to Walsh College - Essay Example However, it must be admitted that many of my peers have experienced a tough transition period. As far as I can see, the major difficulty encountered by students is the rigor of the academic curriculum. Many students struggle to cope with the coursework on entry because of the varying standards of their previous accounting backgrounds. Of course, any dilution of academic standards will only be counterproductive to the collegeââ¬â¢s aim of producing graduates of the highest caliber in accounting practice, and no student would wish for that. I recommend that all transitional students take a brief test to ascertain their level of proficiency as measured against the standards of Walsh Collegeââ¬â¢s program. Any students falling short in this could be given the opportunity to attend a short bridge course tailored to bring them on par with the prevailing standards in college. In this context, optional courses in English communication may also find some takers. This would iron out any differences in academic foundations and make the transition smooth and stress-free to all students, giving everyone a level playing field. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-32225373660244534992019-11-20T07:13:00.001-08:002019-11-20T07:13:05.589-08:00Strategic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3Strategic Analysis - Essay Example Being in 62 countries, the company has employed over one hundred and eighty-two thousand people. They offer their services in their coffee shops, homes and even in offices. The flexibility has made them acquire the loyalty of many customers. They operate in the stock market and have the majority of the market shares (The New York Times, 2014, retrieved fromhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/starbucks_corporation/index.html ). They have a variety of brands that help meet the varying demands of customers. Starbucks operates in a highly competitive environment with many and strong competitors. The coffee business has no entry limitations and therefore competition grows each day. Despite the situation, Starbucks has managed to remain competitive and providing its customers with high-quality products. Starbucks operates well-maintained stores in terms of health and comfort (Michelli, 2007, p. 22). Their neatness maintains their customers and attracts new customers too. The management in each of the stores is strategic. They have ensured that all the services offered are premium. The managers have ensured that their customers feel that the products are adapted and personalized. The comfort in the coffee shops has made them become social places and hence, attracting many customers. The many people meeting in the Starbucks coffee shops have been their largest strong point in terms of expanding and increasing their economies of scale. The organization is very selective when hiring their staff. Well-trained employees who have a sense of customer service run the corporation. They train their employees on a yearly basis, hence growing to the worldââ¬â¢s leading coffee shop in terms of restaurant service. Starbucks trains their employees not only to make coffee but also on service value of the corporation. This has improved their employeesââ¬â¢ productivity and innovation capacity. They motivate their employees through provision of medical covers and Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-5336930117894149572019-11-17T20:47:00.001-08:002019-11-17T20:47:03.053-08:00How 'In the current environment knowledge and its effective management EssayHow 'In the current environment knowledge and its effective management are central to gaining competitive advantage' Discuss - Essay Example gement; for example, as Miller and Shamsie (1996) have shown in the case of the film industry, it is knowledge based resources in the form of production and financial knowledge which have boosted financial performance in an unpredictable global environment. The availability of specialized as possessed by a Company can help it to not only attain and sustain a competitive edge in the marketplace. According to Nonaka (1998), the uncertainty in the global environment means that the only aspect that is guaranteed to always provide a competitive advantage to a firm is knowledge; hence knowledge management through outsourcing is an organizational tool to achieve innovation and competitiveness. According to Quinn et al (1996), managing professional intellect is the key to value creation and profitability for most companies, especially within the framework of technology, which has created new rules and opportunities for organizational design. The traditional approach to knowledge is that it may be used freely by everyone without limitations. According to von Krohg et al (1994), knowledge is that which enables an individual to interpret and give meaning to the information he receives. However, they also argue that knowledge is subjective and is therefore linked to the group of individuals who are generating it. Therefore such information may be confined to a particular area or Company because of the inherent complexity of the information or because individuals are unwilling to codify the knowledge and present it in a format that can be shared with others. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995:6) describe codified knowledge as something that is formal and systematic, which may be expressed in a number or words form and may be easily communicated because it is in the form of information ââ¬â for example hard data or scientific formulae. Therefore, such information can easily be communicated to others. However, there may be certain kinds of knowledge which cannot be easily communicated, Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1334806181265380406.post-53314450498171815062019-11-15T09:18:00.001-08:002019-11-15T09:18:05.261-08:00Defining The Concept Of TerrorismDefining The Concept Of Terrorism The phenomenon of terrorism has become a major concern of the international community. It is elevated to the foremost foreign policy problem of the states. The terrorists power is growing day by day. The new and faster modes of transportation and communication technologies have made it easier for the terrorists to reach their targets and strike them without any difficulty. This has magnified the threat of terrorism and made it more sinister than it has been in the past. Although the menace is very dangerous and terribly affecting our daily lives, the states and even the academics have so far failed to comprehensively define and build a consensus on the term terrorism. The analysts face difficulty when it is considered that some forms and classes of terrorism are justifiable whereas others are not.à [1]à This article is an effort to highlight the complexities in defining terrorism, and to find out some ways to reach at least a partial consensus among states. The article is divided into four parts. The first part focuses on the definitional problems as far as the term terrorism is concerned. In the second part an attempt has been made to distinguish between terrorism and freedom fighting. The third part deals with the changing meaning and nature of terrorism over a period of time. And the last part discusses some practical approaches to reach a partial consensus over the definition of terrorism. II. PROBLEMS IN DEFINING TERRORISM Who will define terrorism? A victim state or a society, a stronger state, any international or regional organization, or the Super Power? Terrorism is a relative term and expresses different meanings to different people. To Israel terrorism means when a suicide bomber blows himself up in a market place. To Palestinians, it means when Israeli troops bulldoze a house or shoot stone-throwing kids. India views Pakistan sponsored militancy in Kashmir as terrorism. On the other hand, overwhelming majority of the Kashmiris calls it freedom fighting and resorts to the use of brutal force by the Indian troops as state terrorism. Terrorism is sometimes properly or sometimes improperly used as a synonym of rebellion, insurrection, guerrilla warfare, coup detat, civil strife, or any of many other related terms that produces fear or terror. Most of the times, such lackadaisical and random use of the term may make the understanding of the specific meaning and nature of terrorism more murky and intricate. Although the literature on terrorism offers plenty of definitions, most of them give a very narrow vision of the concept of terrorism. While some view terrorism in political terms, others insist that it should be defined in legal terms. Still some believe that it is related with morality. Undoubtedly, academics works on terrorism have helped understand the problem, but their contributions have not even materialized to create a consensus among the political circles. The academics themselves are divided on the very particulars of the concept. Experts on terrorism, such as, E.V. Walterà [2]à , Grant Wardlawà [3]à , Leonard Weinbergà [4]à , Steven Spiegelà [5]à , Thomas Mathieseuà [6]à and Richard Overyà [7]à have all defined terrorism in the political context. (See Box 1). For them, terrorism is mainly a sophisticated violence, politically exploited by a group or organization with a religious, ideological or ethnic appeal. Box 1: Definitions on terrorism Terrorism is a process of terror having three elements: the act or threat of violence, the emotional reaction to extreme fear on the part of the victims or potential victims, and the social effects that follow the violence (or its threat) and the consequent fear. (E.V. Walter: 1969) Political terrorism is a sustained policy involving the waging of organized terror either on the part of the state, a movement or faction, or by a small group of individuals. (Grant Wardlaw: 1982) Terrorism is a politically motivated crime intended to modify the behavior of a target audience. (Leonard Weinberg: 1989) Terrorism is the use of violence by an individual or group, designed to create extreme anxiety in a target group larger than the immediate victims, with the purpose of coercing that group into meeting certain political demands. (Steven Spiegel: 1995) Terrorism is violent and arbitrary action consciously directed towards civilians, with a political or ideological goal more or less clearly in mind. (Thomas Mathieseu: 2002) Terror is not an organization or a single force. It is related to a variety of political confrontations, each of which has to be understood in its own terms. (Richard Overy: 2004) However, political biases increase difficulties in defining the term because of its subjective nature. The subjectivism is captured in a popular saying that one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter, for whom terrorism is a calculated tactic of the weak against the strong and established authority. The problem is how can one get out of this relativist enmesh? Similarly, the US State Department in its annual document, called, Patterns of Global terrorism, defines terrorism as politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.à [8]à The problem with this definition is that it does not clearly explain non-combatants, and the perpetrators, according to the definition, are non-state actors (sub-national groups and clandestine agents), while exclude the state terrorism. Moreover, the interpretation of political motivations is very broad. Some intellectuals have tried to define terrorism in legal terms and consider it a criminal act. J. Dugard notes that when a person commits an act which threatens the stability of other states or undermines the international order, he ceases to be a political offender and becomes a criminal under international law, like the pirate or hijacker.à [9]à But the problem with legal definitions is that they completely ignore the political aspects of violence. Treating a terrorist as a criminal undermines the legitimacy of political violence. In other words, the political notion in any terrorist activity cannot be discarded, which, again, becomes the major source of confrontation to reach an international consensus on the definition of the term terrorism. The moral connotations of terrorism have further divided the experts between right and wrong. Do all the nations take moral values uniformly or there are different patterns and orders of priority? Moreover, in this world of power politics, where states give priority to their national interests, what will be the extent of relationship between moral values and power? The common observation is that states are unwilling to give equal status to non-state actors which challenge their authority, and try to deal with them sternly by using brutal force. There are five major problems in defining the term terrorism and building a consensus. The first major problem faced by the academics and even the nations in defining terrorism is the relativist enmesh of the concept. For one it is a freedom fighting, while for the other it is terrorism. This aspect in defining the term has made the task more difficult. Second problem is related to the contents of the definition. If it is described as violence against the innocent people or non-combatants for achieving various goals, the application of the term, then, becomes too broad. It is very difficult even to define non-combatants. What if a soldier is not on the battlefield or he is performing peacekeeping duties under the aegis of the UN, attacked by a suicide bomber of a warring faction? Or would the terrorist attack on the U.S. Pentagon Building on September 11, 2001, not qualify as terrorist act? Moreover, the indiscriminate use of violence does not include those who employ terrorism against specific targets, such as, political assassinations. Third, when it is referred to spreading fear among the audience, one cannot distinguish between terrorism carries out by any individual, group or organization, and the state itself. This is also a major problem in defining terrorism that all the definitions portray non-state actors as terrorists, while completely ignore terrorism perpetrated by the state. Instead, it is called as the gross violation of human rights. It is also a fact that the incumbent political regimes have used terrorism as a means of repressing elements in their populations they view as a threat, real or imagined, to the continuation of their rule.à [10]à Amalendu Guha emphasizes that the recent use of power hegemonism by certain global nations, can be regarded as state terrorism, in the sense that its symptoms, behavior and actions as well as effects are, either the same, or, similar to the terrorism launched by fundamentalist beliefs or ideologies. Both are anti-human, anti-social and frightful.à [11]à The history is full of the tragic incidents, where state, instead of protecting its citizens, has unleashed reign of terror and has become responsible for their annihilation. The fact is that the state terrorism has killed more people as compared to terrorism by non-state actors. Fourth problem in defining the term is whether the act of terrorism is seen in terms of historical continuity or every incidence is considered as a unique in history and dealt with separately. Those who believe in the historical continuity, analyze this phenomenon since the French Revolution. They insist on the unity of terrorism throughout ages.à [12]à Others view each act a unique and absolutely different from the previous one.à [13]à So the rivalry is between the two extremes. Fifth problem in defining terrorism is: whether any act of violence should be analyzed by considering means or ends. As all ideologies sanctify the ends for which every mean is justified. The ideological indoctrination compels the terrorists to the righteousness of their cause and to justify any violent means to accomplish it. On the other hand, many researchers believe that the unethical means may also question the legitimacy of the cause. It is because of the above-mentioned problems in defining the term terrorism, that making distinction between terrorism and freedom fighting has become very difficult. However, there are some aspects which help differentiate between a terrorist and a freedom fighter. III. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TERRORISM AND FREEDOM FIGHTING It is a well-known fact that the subjectivity of the term terrorism has made it very difficult to distinguish it from freedom fighting. In this process, another difficulty is which forms of violence should be recognized as legitimate and which should not. Martha Crenshawà [14]à opines that revolutionary violence and terrorism are two different phenomena and should not be confused with each other. The activities of freedom fighters cannot always be termed as terrorism, because their target is the repressive government. John Gearson raises some pertinent questions: What, if anything, is legitimate dissent using violent means? When is being a freedom fighter acceptable?à [15]à Labeling any group terrorist is very difficult particularly when the same group becomes the part of the negotiation process, and the governments have to sign peace deals with them. Nelson Mandela himself has provided perhaps the most satisfying answer to this perennial question. Pointing out that many people once described as terrorists are leading governments today, Mandela says: When you succeed people are prepared to accept you and have dealings with you as head of state. You become a terrorist if your aims and objectives fail.à [16]à In my opinion, the distinction between freedom fighting and terrorism must be made on the grounds of the legitimacy of the movement for independence, recognized by the UN. Article 1(2) of the UN Charter recognizes the right of self-determination of the peoples. It emphasizes the respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of the peoplesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã [17]à Article 7 of the Definition of Aggression adopted by the General Assembly in 1974 authenticates the right of self-determination. It states: Nothing in this definition, and in particular Article 3 (which gives an inventory of the acts that are regarded as aggression) could in any way prejudice the right of self-determination, freedom, and independence, as derived from the Charter, of peoples forcibly deprived of that right and referred to in the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, particularly peoples under colonial and racist regimes or other forms of alien domination; or the right of these peoples to struggle to that end and seek and receive supportà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦.à [18]à Similarly, Article 12 of the International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979), which came into force on June 3, 1983, clearly recognizes the means used by the people for their right of self-determination. It states: [The] Convention shall not apply to an act of hostage-taking committed in the course of armed conflicts as defined in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Protocols thereto, including armed conflicts mentioned in article 1, paragraph 4, of Additional Protocol of 1977, in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes in the exercise of their right of self-determination, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.à [19]à The liberation movements are deprecated as terrorists by the governments against which the struggles for independence are conducted. While analyzing the independent movements in Kashmir and Palestine, one may disagree over the means; it is beyond any doubt that both the movements are recognized by the UN. Terming these movements terrorist may also undermine and question the legitimacy of the UN itself. So, one can say, here, that the movements for freedom fighting are those movements whose legitimacy is recognized by the UN. Besides this, in both the cases, the role of state is very repressive and brutal. Both India and Israel have illegitimately occupied the land of the Kashmiris and the Palestinians respectively. Moreover, both states, since the inception of disputes, have been continuously denying the right of self-determination to these people. For this, they have also completely ignored the UN resolutions. So, if anyone calls struggle movements in Kashmir and Palestine as terrorists, it not only refutes the UN resolutions, which give right of self-determinations to the oppressed nations, but also legitimizes the power of the strong over the weak. According to Moulaye el-Hassen, the former Mauritanian Ambassador, The term terrorist could hardly be held to apply to persons who were denied the most elementary human rights, dignity, freedom and independence, and whose countries objected to foreign occupation.à [20]à Now the question arises why is there no consensus on the definition of terrorism? The most convincing reason is that the meaning and nature of terrorism have frequently been changed over a period of time. IV. CHANGING NATURE / MEANING OF TERRORISM The lack of consensus among the nations on the definition of terrorism has caused a continuous change in its nature and meaning. According to Jonathan White, the rise of modern terrorism in the West is linked to the struggle for freedom in the Western World in the 1700s and early 1800s when most Europeans did not enjoy freedom, and America was still only an experiment. A change in social perceptions and actions, however, revolutionized the system and structure of Western governments. Many forms of violence accompanied the struggle for democracy; terrorism was one of them.à [21]à The popular use of the term terrorism occurred during the French Revolution. Contrary to todays usage, terrorism at that time was seen in a positive context. The Jacobins reign of terror was purely a political in nature, which was a deviation from the old sacred terrorism. Also, that terrorism was unleashed by the State to protect the Revolution on the basis of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The terrorism during French revolution provided a model to the other revolutionary groups in Europe to use it as a strategy to transform their societies as they wished. But the failure of the 1830 and 1848 revolutions compelled the revolutionaries to change their strategy. However, the use of force to bring any revolution remained the main weapon at the hands of revolutionaries. The 19th century witnessed the rise of nationalist movements, which struggled against the colonial powers for the self-government. Although the nationalists adopted violent means to achieve their objectives, unlike anarchists, they considered themselves freedom fighters. Anarchists were socially isolated, but the nationalists could hope for the possibility of greater support. Governments labeled them terrorists, but nationalists saw themselves rather as unconventional soldiers fighting in a patriotic war. They opted only the tactics of anarchists.à [22]à During the inter-war period, a new form of terrorism emerged in Europe, known as Right-wing terrorism. The purpose of this terrorism was to preserve the status quo. There were two important factors, which contributed to the surfacing of Right-wing terrorism in Europe. First, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, which gave confidence to the socialist movements in other European countries to bring a possible change in their societies as well. So, such movements were considered a great threat by the respective governments and the elements which wanted to maintain status-quo. A second factor was the establishment of fascist governments in Italy and Germany during the same period. They justified violence by uprooting the communists and anti-nationalist elements in their societies. The dominant form of violence in the post-War period, aimed at either de-colonization or social revolution, was rural-based guerrilla warfare.à [23]à The major success stories were those of Mao-Tse-tung in China, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, and Fidel Castro in Cuba. But there were also less publicized failures. Guerrilla insurgencies were defeated in Greece, Malaya, and the Philippines. In some of these instances, both the successful and unsuccessful, terrorism was used by those groups pursuing national liberation (Vietnam) or social revolution (Greece).à [24]à During 1960s and 1970s, the world witnessed this sudden upsurge in the form of Left-wing terrorism. This confused the experts on political terrorism, who saw terrorism as a new and unprecedented phenomenon, something that was essentially a response to injustice.à [25]à This meant that the focus was on to address the root causes of terrorism, which could be political, economic, social or religious grievances. The end of Cold War was followed by an eruption of religious terrorism in a large number of countries, particularly in the Middle East, South and Central Asia. The Soviet disintegration provided an inspiration to the Islamic movements particularly in South and Central Asian regions to launch an organized offense against their respective states to: 1) seek freedom; 2) capture the state apparatus; and 3) replace the old communist system with the new Islamic order. The vacuum, which was created because of the Soviet disappearance, also provided a great amount of solidarity among the Muslims all over the world as it gave them a confidence that they were the main force behind the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Furthermore, the American neglect to Afghanistan after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, added to the already existing political chaos. Out of this situation, the Taliban emerged as an organized political force with the support of Pakistan and to some extent Saudi Arabia. Afghanistan under the Taliban proved to be a place for socializing Islamic radicals from all over the world. The Saudi-born millionaire and Afghan war veteran, Osama Bin Laden, was one of them who took refuge in Afghanistan under the Taliban government. He had resentments against the Saudi Royal family for permitting the Americans to stay on the holy soil after the Gulf War in 1991. As his criticism against the Royal family got severe, he was compelled to flee Saudi Arabia. His nationality was cancelled. The stateless Osama then entered Sudan. But under the U.S. pressure, Sudan expelled him in 1996. Then he moved to Afghanistan, where the Taliban government was recently established. To run the state machinery, the new government badly needed financial assistance, which was provided by Osama and his organization, Al-Qaeda. Consequently, Osamas influence on the Taliban leadership increased. In a unique sense, Afghanistan became a terrorist-sponsored state. Taking advantage of his influence, Osama not only established links with other militant groups in Pakistan, Egypt and other Muslim countries, but also posed himself as a highly religious figure, who could issue a fatwa (Islamic ruling). In 1998, he issued a fatwa, stating, To kill Americans and their allies, both civil and military, is an individual duty of every Muslimà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦until their armies, shattered and broken-winged, depart from all the lands of Islam, incapable of threatening any Muslim.à [26]à Since then, a series of terrorist attacks can be observed on the U.S. civil and military installations. The September 11 catastrophe could be seen in this connection, though Al-Qaeda did not take the r esponsibility of it. The September 11 incident has further changed the meaning and nature of terrorism. The incident has characterized terrorism as transnational with religious orientation. The purpose of these groups is not only to overthrow their respective governments, but also to establish a worldwide authority on the basis of their own religious interpretation. Today, terrorism has become very lethal and destructive. Technological changes in the fields of transport, military and communication have added to the strength of terrorists. In such a scenario, it is indispensable to evolve a consensus, at least partial one, over the definition of terrorism. V. HOW TO REACH A CONSENSUS: SOME PRACTICAL APPROACHES The world has now entered a New Age of Terrorism.à [27]à Three important factors confirm this hypothesis. First, the terrorists are equipped with deadly weapons and sophisticated technology at their disposal. Second, the religious orientation has compelled them to believe the rightness of their cause. In other words, the ideology and cause of the terrorist group or organization attracts the potential terrorists to join it. Third, the transcendence of national boundaries has further complicated the issue. In the presence of such emerging threats, it is necessary to evolve a working definition with little disagreement. Although it is extremely difficult for the nation states to compromise over their national interests, still there must be some starting point because there is almost a consensus among the states that the modern transnational religious terrorism is the major threat to the world peace and stability. To begin with, it is the responsibility of the academics to provide some basic roadmap which can help the states reach a consensus on the definition of the term terrorism. First, the academics task is not to label any individual or a group as terrorist but to objectively analyze circumstances which compel the weaker to take arms against the stronger. In doing so, we consciously or unconsciously put all the freedom fighters into the category of terrorist, as well as we also question their legitimacy. This must be kept in mind that a freedom fighter can be distinguished from a terrorist on the basis of the legitimacy and mass support to the organization and the cause. If these factors are absent, then a person or a group can be termed as a terrorist. Second, states must stop defining the term on their own, because the problem starts when two rival states or parties define terrorism by themselves and believe in the authenticity of that definition. In contrast, they should discuss and debate this issue in the UN, particularly in the General Assembly, to reach a consensus. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of terrorism that can be applied to every act of political violence. Besides, every act of violence should be analyzed separately, while keeping in view the motivations of the perpetrator. It means that there must not be any generalization. While analyzing any violent act to be qualified as terrorism, following aspects need to be kept in mind: If the motives are abstract, meaning if any individual or a group aims to commit violence with the purpose of achieving goals on the basis of religious interpretation of its own. If the struggle is transnational in character, meaning affecting the political, social and economic life of the other country. If the struggle is not recognized by the UN. If the violence is not aimed at against the repressive government. If the target is innocent people who have nothing to do with the government policies. So, if any violent activity fulfills any one or all the five aspects, should be considered as terrorism. VI. CONCLUSION As discussed above, todays terrorism is distinct from the past terrorist activities and tactics. The emergence of transnational religious terrorism, coupled with the advancement in military, communication and transportation technologies, has enhanced the power of the terrorists and intensified their brutalities. Despite all such known threats and hazards, the world community is still far from reaching a consensus on the definition of terrorism. The disagreement between one mans terrorism, another mans freedom fighting is still there. A collective and mechanized effort on the part of the international community is needed to overcome this relativist entangle. A genuine understanding of the phenomenon can only be achieved if it is considered beyond the propaganda purposes, and concerted efforts are made to discuss and analyze this menace at international forums, with the consideration that terrorism is equally threatening the peace and stability of the whole world. Laurahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12872161051205361673noreply@blogger.com0